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NASA Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Redstone 4 (Liberty Bell 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 7 (Aurora 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 8 (Sigma 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 9 (Faith 7) Mission NASA Gemini 3 Mission NASA Gemini 4 Mission NASA Gemini 5 Mission NASA Gemini 7 Mission NASA Gemini 8 Mission NASA Gemini 9 Mission NASA Gemini 10 Mission NASA Gemini 11 Mission NASA Gemini 12 Mission NASA Apollo 1 (AS‑204) Mission NASA Apollo 7 Mission NASA Apollo 8 Mission NASA Apollo 9 Mission NASA Apollo 10 Mission NASA Apollo 11 Mission NASA Apollo 12 Mission NASA Apollo 13 Mission NASA Apollo 14 Mission NASA Apollo 15 Mission NASA Apollo 16 Mission NASA Apollo 17 Mission NASA Skylab Orbital Workshop Mission NASA Skylab 2 Mission NASA Skylab 3 Mission NASA Skylab 4 Mission NASA Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Mission NASA STS‑1 Columbia Mission NASA STS‑3 Columbia Mission NASA STS‑7 Challenger Mission NASA STS‑8 Challenger Mission NASA STS‑41B Challenger Mission NASA STS‑41G Discovery (1st female EVA) Mission NASA STS‑51L Challenger (accident) Mission NASA STS‑26 Discovery (Return‑to‑Flight) Mission NASA STS‑31 Discovery (Hubble Launch) Mission NASA STS‑49 Endeavour (first capture EVA) Mission NASA STS‑61 Endeavour (Hubble Servicing 1) Mission NASA STS‑73 Columbia (microgravity) Mission NASA STS‑95 Discovery (John Glenn returns) Mission NASA STS‑107 Columbia (accident) Mission NASA STS‑114 Discovery (RTF‑2) Mission NASA STS‑120 Discovery (Node 2) Mission NASA STS‑125 Atlantis (Final Hubble Service) Mission NASA STS‑132 Atlantis Mission NASA STS‑135 Atlantis (Final Shuttle flight) Mission NASA Artemis I (Orion/ SLS‑1) Mission NASA Artemis II (Planned) Mission NASA Artemis III (Planned lunar landing) Mission NASA Mariner 4 Mission NASA Mariner 6 Mission NASA Mariner 7 Mission NASA Mariner 9 Mission NASA Viking 1 Orbiter/Lander Mission NASA Viking 2 Orbiter/Lander Mission NASA Mars Pathfinder & Sojourner Mission NASA Mars Global Surveyor Mission NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey Mission NASA Mars Exploration Rover – Spirit Mission NASA Mars Exploration Rover – Opportunity Mission NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission NASA Phoenix Mars Lander Mission NASA InSight Mars Lander Mission NASA Mars 2020 (Perseverance & Ingenuity) Mission NASA Mars Sample Return – SRL (planned) Mission NASA Pioneer 10 Mission NASA Pioneer 11 Mission NASA Voyager 1 Mission NASA Voyager 2 Mission NASA Galileo Jupiter Orbiter/Probe Mission NASA Cassini–Huygens Mission NASA New Horizons (Pluto & KBO) Mission NASA Juno Mission NASA Europa Clipper (planned) Mission NASA Parker Solar Probe Mission NASA Solar Orbiter (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA Surveyor 1 Mission NASA Lunar Orbiter 1 Mission NASA Lunar Prospector Mission NASA LCROSS Mission NASA LADEE Mission NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Mission NASA CAPSTONE Mission NASA VIPER Rover (planned) Mission NASA NEAR Shoemaker Mission NASA Deep Space 1 Mission NASA Stardust Mission NASA Genesis Mission NASA Deep Impact Mission NASA Dawn (Vesta/Ceres) Mission NASA OSIRIS‑REx Mission NASA Lucy Mission NASA DART Mission NASA Landsat‑1 (ERTS‑1) Mission NASA Landsat‑5 Mission NASA Landsat‑9 Mission NASA Terra Mission NASA Aqua Mission NASA Aura Mission NASA Suomi NPP Mission NASA Sentinel‑6 Michael Freilich Mission NASA ICESat‑2 Mission NASA GRACE‑FO Mission NASA SMAP Mission NASA GPM Core Observatory Mission NASA CALIPSO Mission NASA CloudSat Mission NASA NISAR (NASA‑ISRO) Mission NASA Explorer 1 Mission NASA COBE Mission NASA Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Mission NASA Hubble Space Telescope Mission NASA Chandra X‑ray Observatory Mission NASA Spitzer Space Telescope Mission NASA WISE Mission NASA Kepler Mission NASA TESS Mission NASA Fermi Gamma‑ray Space Telescope Mission NASA NICER Mission NASA IXPE Mission NASA Roman Space Telescope (planned) Mission NASA NuSTAR Mission NASA GALEX Mission NASA Swift Mission NASA SOHO (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA Cluster II (ESA/NASA) 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Mission NASA STS-60 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-70 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-71 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-73 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-88 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-92 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-97 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-99 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-100 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-104 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-106 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-110 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-112 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-115 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-116 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-117 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-118 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-120 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-122 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-123 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-126 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-130 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA Vanguard 1 Mission NASA Transit 1B Mission NASA Echo 1 Mission NASA Telstar 1 Mission NASA Syncom 3 Mission NASA ATS‑6 Mission NASA Skynet Mission NASA Nimbus‑1 Mission NASA Nimbus‑7 Mission NASA ERS-1 Mission NASA SeaSat Mission NASA QuikSCAT Mission NASA Jason‑1 Mission NASA Jason‑3 Mission NASA ICESat Mission NASA Earth Observing‑1 Mission NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory‑2 Mission NASA CYGNSS Mission NASA PACE Mission NASA TRMM Mission NASA Terrestrial Planet Finder (cxl) Mission NASA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Mission NASA Explorer 33 Mission NASA Voyager Interstellar Mission Mission NASA Helios‑A Mission NASA Helios‑B Mission NASA ISEE‑3 (ICE) Mission NASA ACE Mission NASA DSCOVR Mission NASA IBEX Mission NASA Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager Mission NASA SAGE‑III ISS Mission NASA SPACE Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Mission NASA ARIEL (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA OSAM‑1 (Restore‑L) Mission NASA Dragonfly (Titan rotorcraft) Mission NASA VERITAS (Venus orbiter) Mission NASA DAVINCI (Venus probe) Mission NASA SPHEREx Mission NASA MAGGIE (Mars Geophysical) Mission NASA CLPS – Peregrine Mission NASA CLPS – VIPER Delivery 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NVS-02 ISRO Space Mission SPADEX-A ISRO Space Mission SPADEX-B ISRO Space Mission Proba-3 ISRO Space Mission GSAT-N2 ISRO Space Mission EOS-08 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-3DS ISRO Space Mission XPoSat ISRO Space Mission Aditya-L1 ISRO Space Mission Chandrayaan-3 ISRO Space Mission NVS-01 ISRO Space Mission EOS-07 ISRO Space Mission INS-2B ISRO Space Mission EOS-06 ISRO Space Mission EOS-02 ISRO Space Mission GSAT-24 ISRO Space Mission INS-2TD ISRO Space Mission EOS-04 ISRO Space Mission EOS-03 ISRO Space Mission CMS-01 ISRO Space Mission EOS-01 ISRO Space Mission GSAT-30 ISRO Space Mission RISAT-2BR1 ISRO Space Mission Chandrayaan 2 ISRO Space Mission RISAT-2B ISRO Space Mission EMISAT ISRO Space Mission GSAT-31 ISRO Space Mission Microsat-R ISRO Space Mission GSAT-7A ISRO Space Mission GSAT-11 ISRO Space Mission HysIS ISRO Space Mission GSAT-29 ISRO Space Mission IRNSS-1I ISRO Space Mission GSAT-6A ISRO Space Mission INS-1C ISRO Space Mission Microsat ISRO Space Mission IRNSS-1H ISRO Space Mission GSAT-17 ISRO Space Mission GSAT-19 ISRO Space Mission GSAT-9 ISRO Space Mission Cartosat-2 Series Satellite INS-1A ISRO Space Mission INS-1B ISRO Space Mission RESOURCESAT-2A ISRO Space Mission GSAT-18 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-3DR ISRO Space Mission IRNSS-1G ISRO Space Mission IRNSS-1F ISRO Space Mission IRNSS-1E ISRO Space Mission GSAT-15 ISRO Space Mission GSAT-6 ISRO Space Mission IRNSS-1D ISRO Space Mission Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) ISRO Space Mission GSAT-16 ISRO Space Mission IRNSS-1C ISRO Space Mission IRNSS-1B ISRO Space Mission GSAT-14 ISRO Space Mission Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft GSAT-7 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-3D ISRO Space Mission IRNSS-1A ISRO Space Mission SARAL ISRO Space Mission GSAT-10 ISRO Space Mission RISAT-1 ISRO Space Mission Megha-Tropiques ISRO Space Mission GSAT-12 ISRO Space Mission GSAT-8 ISRO Space Mission RESOURCESAT-2 ISRO Space Mission YOUTHSAT ISRO Space Mission GSAT-5P ISRO Space Mission GSAT-4 ISRO Space Mission Oceansat-2 ISRO Space Mission RISAT-2 ISRO Space Mission Chandrayaan-1 ISRO Space Mission IMS-1 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-4CR ISRO Space Mission INSAT-4B ISRO Space Mission SRE-1 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-4C ISRO Space Mission INSAT-4A ISRO Space Mission HAMSAT ISRO Space Mission EDUSAT ISRO Space Mission IRS-P6 / RESOURCESAT-1 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-3E ISRO Space Mission GSAT-2 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-3A ISRO Space Mission KALPANA-1 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-3C ISRO Space Mission GSAT-1 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-3B ISRO Space Mission Oceansat(IRS-P4) ISRO Space Mission INSAT-2E ISRO Space Mission IRS-1D ISRO Space Mission INSAT-2D ISRO Space Mission IRS-P3 ISRO Space Mission IRS-1C ISRO Space Mission INSAT-2C ISRO Space Mission IRS-P2 ISRO Space Mission SROSS-C2 ISRO Space Mission IRS-1E ISRO Space Mission INSAT-2B ISRO Space Mission INSAT-2A ISRO Space Mission SROSS-C ISRO Space Mission IRS-1B ISRO Space Mission INSAT-1D ISRO Space Mission INSAT-1C ISRO Space Mission SROSS-2 ISRO Space Mission IRS-1A ISRO Space Mission SROSS-1 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-1B ISRO Space Mission Rohini Satellite RS-D2 ISRO Space Mission INSAT-1A ISRO Space Mission Bhaskara-II ISRO Space Mission Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE) ISRO Rohini Satellite RS-D1 ISRO Space Mission Rohini Satellite RS-1 ISRO Space Mission Rohini Technology Payload (RTP) ISRO Space Mission Bhaskara-I ISRO Space Mission Aryabhata ISRO Space Mission
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India Germany Relations: Trade, Agreements, Recent Developments - UPSC Notes

Last Updated on Jun 16, 2025
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Relations between India and Germany highlight their commitment to joint development and regional peace. Germany, nestled in the Europe / Western Europe, holds a strategic position in world politics and security matters. India began its diplomatic engagement with Germany in 1951 (with West Germany), leading to a sustained and fruitful collaboration. India and Germany maintain a Embassy in Berlin, Consulates General, German Embassy, Consulates in India, operating embassies in each others capitals to strengthen diplomatic relations. The significance of India and Germany ties is of Key European partner, economic powerhouse, technology leader, highlighted by their defense cooperation, economic collaboration, cultural exchanges, and common objectives in global security. 

  • The cooperation between India and Germany thrives in Trade, investment, technology, green energy, defense, education like defense, nuclear energy, trade, space exploration, oil and gas, cybersecurity, culture, and education. 
  • Significant pacts covering areas like Strategic Partnership (2000), Defence (2006), DTAA (1995), Green Partnership (2022) have been established between India and Germany to strengthen collaboration. 
  • India and Germany recorded a trade value of Approx EUR 2674 billion (2022), marking a significant boost in bilateral trade. 
  • India’s export relationship with Germany is marked by the regular supply of Machinery, chemicals, textiles, auto components, electronics across various industries. 
  • India mainly imports Machinery, vehicles, chemicals, electrical equipment, aircraft from Germany as part of their regular and long-standing trade ties. 

India and Germany collaborate in Strong S&T collaboration, vocational training, university partnerships, focusing on research, student exchange, and innovation-driven partnerships. In this article, we have explored Defence Partnerships, Joint Commissions, and Bilateral Trade Flows for India Germany Relations, offering valuable insights for UPSC aspirants preparing for GS Paper 2 and PSIR Optional. 

India Germany Relations Overview for UPSC

Country Name

Germany

Region / Continent

Europe / Western Europe

Year of Establishment of Ties

1951 (with West Germany)

Level of Diplomatic Mission

Embassy in Berlin, Consulates General, German Embassy, Consulates in India

Strategic Importance

Key European partner, economic powerhouse, technology leader

Major Areas of Cooperation

Trade, investment, technology, green energy, defense, education

Key Bilateral Agreements

Strategic Partnership (2000), Defence (2006), DTAA (1995), Green Partnership (2022)

Bilateral Trade Volume (Latest FY)

Approx EUR 2674 billion (2022)

Top Indian Exports to Partner

Machinery, chemicals, textiles, auto components, electronics

Top Indian Imports from Partner

Machinery, vehicles, chemicals, electrical equipment, aircraft

Technology & Education

Strong S&T collaboration, vocational training, university partnerships

Indian Diaspora

Estimated over 220,000, including students

 

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India Germany Relations Establishment of Diplomatic Ties

Post-WWII diplomatic ties, early trade and cultural links reflect the longstanding nature of India’s association with Germany. India and Germany have shared important diplomatic moments through visits like Numerous, PM Nehru, Chancellor Adenauer to recent leaders. 

  • Cold War, post-reunification, Strategic Partnership, enhanced Green Partnership highlight the evolution of bilateral cooperation between India and Germany.

India Germany Relations - Establishment of Diplomatic Ties

Initial Engagements

Post-WWII diplomatic ties, early trade and cultural links

High-Level Visits (Historic)

Numerous, PM Nehru, Chancellor Adenauer to recent leaders

Past Conflicts or Tensions

N/A post-WWII, Cold War alignments differed

Phases of Engagement

Cold War, post-reunification, Strategic Partnership, enhanced Green Partnership

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Strategic & Political Cooperation of India Germany Relations

The partnership between India and Germany is of Key European partner, economic powerhouse, technology leader, marked by defense cooperation, economic collaboration, cultural connections, and mutual interests in global security. 

  • When India and Germany deepened their Defence Cooperation Agreement (2006), joint exercises, procurement, it helped build mutual trust and military confidence. 
  • Through Strong cooperation, joint working group, intelligence sharing, India and Germany build trust and combat terrorism using shared knowledge and advanced technologies. 
  • India’s strategic High priority, dialogues, joint initiatives on emerging tech partnership with Germany advances innovation, digital infrastructure, and security coordination. 
  • With UN, G20, WTO, G4 (India & Germany), India and Germany promote sustainable development, global peace, and mutual prosperity. 
  • India and Germany enhance Green Hydrogen, solar, wind, energy efficiency, climate action through mutual investments in energy infrastructure, clean technologies, and green initiatives. 
  • Both India and Germany are committed to strengthening ISRO-DLR cooperation, earth observation, research, with a focus on joint research, technology transfer, and exploration initiatives. 
  • India and Germany have entered into agreements in areas such as Air Services Agreement exists, strong tourism flows to foster improved travel and bilateral engagement. 
  • India and Germany have pursued Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) signed (1995), amended to provide relief to taxpayers and strengthen financial cooperation.

Strategic & Political Cooperation of India Germany Relations

Strategic Importance

Key European partner, economic powerhouse, technology leader

Defense Cooperation

Defence Cooperation Agreement (2006), joint exercises, procurement

Counter-terrorism / Intelligence

Strong cooperation, joint working group, intelligence sharing

Cyber-security & Tech Sharing

High priority, dialogues, joint initiatives on emerging tech

Multilateral Groupings

UN, G20, WTO, G4 (India & Germany)

Energy Cooperation

Green Hydrogen, solar, wind, energy efficiency, climate action

Space Cooperation

ISRO-DLR cooperation, earth observation, research

Tourism & Air-Services Agreements

Air Services Agreement exists, strong tourism flows

Taxation Agreements

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) signed (1995), amended

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Trade and Economic Overview of India Germany Relations
  • India and Germany have entered into multiple agreements in sectors like Strategic Partnership (2000), Defence (2006), DTAA (1995), Green Partnership (2022) to strengthen bilateral ties. 
  • India and Germany have reported a total trade volume of Approx EUR 2674 billion (2022), indicating a positive trend in their economic partnership. 
  • Investment flows feature Significant German FDI in India, growing Indian FDI in Germany, along with major co-financed initiatives supporting economic cooperation. 
  • Platforms such as Inter-Governmental Consultations (IGC), Indo-German Energy Forum, held once or twice a year, are important for strengthening and reviewing economic and trade cooperation between India and its partner. 
  • India and Germany have provided a range of {{lines_of_credit}} to advance economic growth and support bilateral financial partnerships. 
  • Exports from Germany to India stood at Approx USD 1013 billion (2022, German exports). 
  • India supplies Machinery, chemicals, textiles, auto components, electronics to Germany under their strong trade relations, boosting bilateral economic growth and cooperation. 

Germanys imports from India totaled Approx USD 1660 billion (2022, German imports) as per the latest figures. Indian businesses active in Germany include Tata Group, Infosys, Wipro, Mahindra, Bharat Forge, spanning manufacturing, IT, and services.

Trade and Economic Overview of India Germany Relations

Bilateral Trade Volume (Latest FY)

Approx EUR 2674 billion (2022)

Top Indian Exports to Partner

Machinery, chemicals, textiles, auto components, electronics

Top Indian Imports from Partner

Machinery, vehicles, chemicals, electrical equipment, aircraft

Key Bilateral Agreements

Strategic Partnership (2000), Defence (2006), DTAA (1995), Green Partnership (2022)

Investment Flows (FDI both ways)

Significant German FDI in India, growing Indian FDI in Germany

Joint Economic Commissions / Dialogues

Inter-Governmental Consultations (IGC), Indo-German Energy Forum

Lines of Credit

{{lines_of_credit}}

Export to India (In $)

Approx USD 1013 billion (2022, German exports)

Import from India (In $)

Approx USD 1660 billion (2022, German imports)

Indian Companies Operating There

Tata Group, Infosys, Wipro, Mahindra, Bharat Forge

Socio-Cultural & Diaspora Engagement

Both India and Germany benefit from the deep-rooted influence of their diaspora, enhancing Vital in tech, academia, business, cultural bridge. India promotes friendship with other countries by encouraging Goethe-Institut (Max Mueller Bhavan), ICCR, university programs and cultural visits. DAAD scholarships, Indo-German S&T Centre, student mobility is helping students and teachers from both India and the partner country learn from each other. 

  • The cultural and economic bond between India and Germany is reinforced by the significant presence of the Indian-origin community. 
  • India and Germany use Defence sales, Development cooperation, cultural institutes, education to fortify their strategic stance and boost their global influence.
  • The relationship between India and Germany is robust, supported by Significant, data often merged with EU totals that significantly contribute to economic growth.

Socio-Cultural & Diaspora Engagement

Indian Diaspora

Estimated over 220,000, including students

Diaspora Remittances

Significant, data often merged with EU totals

Role of Diaspora

Vital in tech, academia, business, cultural bridge

Cultural Exchanges

Goethe-Institut (Max Mueller Bhavan), ICCR, university programs

Education Cooperation

DAAD scholarships, Indo-German S&T Centre, student mobility

Hard Power & Soft Power Instruments

Defence sales, Development cooperation, cultural institutes, education

India Germany Relations Recent Developments

Chancellor Scholz (2023), PM Modi (2022, 2023 G7) have played a vital role in deepening diplomatic engagement between India and Germany. The nature of Green & Sustainable Development Partnership (2022), Migration Mobility (2022) indicates ongoing collaboration, even where no major agreements were newly signed. 

  • As part of their bilateral agenda, India and Germany are pursuing Green Hydrogen Task Force, smart cities, renewable energy. 
  • Addressing EU trade negotiations, market access, regulatory differences remains vital for the long-term success of the partnership. 
  • The two countries are optimistic about deepening ties through mutually beneficial Deepening strategic, green, digital, and defense_cooperation.

India Germany Relations Recent Developments & Future Outlook

Recent High-Level Visits

Chancellor Scholz (2023), PM Modi (2022, 2023 G7)

Recent Agreements Signed

Green & Sustainable Development Partnership (2022), Migration Mobility (2022)

Ongoing Projects

Green Hydrogen Task Force, smart cities, renewable energy

Challenges / Issues

EU trade negotiations, market access, regulatory differences

Future Prospects

Deepening strategic, green, digital, and defense_cooperation

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UPSC Relevance of India Germany Relations
  • Data on trade volumes, diaspora statistics, and agreements are useful for objective-type questions.
  • Economic cooperation and trade agreements with Germany support GS3 answers related to India’s external sector and economic diplomacy.
  • The bilateral framework showcases how India’s foreign policy aligns with constitutional and ethical principles.
  • History optional students may refer to ancient or colonial connections between India and Germany.

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