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Home / IAS Preparation / Veto Power Of President

Veto Powers of President - Types, Objectives, Role, Articles of Constitution and More.

Last Updated on Sep 05, 2023
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‘Veto’ in Latin means ‘to forbid. A Presidential veto is a type of constitutional mechanism. It authorizes the President to refuse assent to a legislative bill that the legislature has passed but not yet finally enacted. When both houses of Parliament pass a bill, it can become an act only if it receives the assent of the President. In the Indian Parliamentary system, the Power of Veto is an executive tool to overrule the acts of legislature by the executive authority.

The provisions related to the Veto power of President are among the most important topics from the perspective of UPSC Prelims, General Studies Mains and Political Science and International Relations (PSIR) optional papers. Time and again, questions have been asked from this section.

This article will discuss in detail the types of veto power of President of India and the comparison between his veto powers with that of the Governor of the state and that of the President of the US.

Study more about the Relationship between the president and the council of ministers! 

What is the Veto Power of President?

As per Article 111, the President of India has three types of veto powers when approving bills. For a bill to become a law, it must be passed by both houses of Parliament and receive the President's approval. If, for any reason, the President declines to sign the bill, it cannot become law. The veto power of president aims to ensure that legislation is not rushed or poorly considered and to prevent laws that go against the spirit of the Indian constitution.

Objective Behind Veto Power

There are two objectives behind conferring veto power to the President –

  • To prevent the legislature from hasty and ill-considered legislation.
  • To prevent legislation not in the spirit of the Constitution of India.
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Major Types of Veto Power of President

The below mentioned are the 4 major types of veto power of president

  • Absolute Veto
  • Qualified Veto
  • Suspensive Veto
  • Pocket Veto

Absolute Veto

  • The President has the authority to reject a bill passed by the Parliament completely.
  • The bill does not become a law and cannot be enacted without the President's approval.
  • The President's decision is final and cannot be overruled.

Qualified Veto

  • In certain cases, the President may have the power to propose amendments or modifications to a bill.
  • The President can send the bill back to the Parliament with recommended changes.
  • The Parliament can then reconsider the bill. It can decide whether to accept the President's modifications.

Suspensive Veto

  • The President has the power to suspend a bill passed by the Parliament for a certain period of time.
  • The bill does not become law immediately and is put on hold.
  • During the suspension period, the President can consult with experts. He can seek further information before making a decision.

Pocket Veto

  • The President can use this power when the Parliament is not in session.
  • If the President does not take any action on a bill received during this period, it does not become law.
  • The bill remains pending and does not require the President's explicit rejection.

Attempt multiple-choice questions on Indian Polity here!

Articles of Constitution of India behind Veto Power of President
  • Article 111 – When both Houses of Parliament have passed a Bill, it shall be presented to the President for his/her assent.
  • Article 201 –. When a Governor reserves a Bill for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that he/she assents to the Bill or withholds assent.

Study more about the Vice President of India! 

Different Types of Veto Power for Bill

Type of Bill

Central Legislation

State Legislation

Ordinary Bill

It can be ratified , Rejected or returned for reconsideration

It can be ratified, Rejected, returned for reconsideration or reserved for President’s assent

Money Bill

It can either be ratified or rejected only.

It can either be ratified or rejected only.

Constitutional Amendment Bill

It can only be ratified.

It can not be introduced in the state legislature.

Check out other important concepts on Indian Polity here.

Role of Presidential Veto Power over State Legislations
  • When the state legislature passes a bill, it can become active only if it receives the assent of the governor of the respected state.
  • According to Article 200 of the Constitution of India, the Governor is bestowed with four choices –
    • To give his assent to the bill
    • To withhold his assent to the bill
    • To return the bill for reconsideration (if it is not a money bill)
    • To reserve the bill for the consideration of the President
  • The Governor can reserve the bill based on when –
    • Any Particular Bill derogates the High Court and endangers its position.
    • As per Article 31A and Article 31C law made by the State Legislature concerning estates and property acquisition which requires the assent of the President.
  • Once the bill is reserved for the consideration of the President, then there will be no further role of the Governor regarding the bill.
  • When any bill is reserved for the consideration of the President, then the President has three possible courses of action –
    • To give his assent to the bill
    • To withhold his assent to the bill
    • To direct the governor to return the bill for reconsideration (if it is not a money bill)

Study more about the Ordinance power of the president and Governor! 

Incidences where the President uses Veto Power

  • In 1954, the First President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, withheld his assent by using absolute veto with regard to PEPSU Appropriation Bill.
  • In 1991, R Venkatraman withheld his assent to the Bill by using the absolute veto related to Salaries & Allowances of Members of Parliament.
  • In 1986, President Zail Singh exercised the power of pocket veto concerning the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill.
  • In 2006, President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam exercised a suspensive veto by formally returning the Office of Profit Bill, 2006, passed by the Parliament. However, the Bill was sent back to President again and was finally approved.

Difference Between Veto Powers of Indian and American Presidents
  • The President of India has lesser veto power in comparison to the veto powers of the American President. There is no provision for a Qualified veto in the case of the Indian President, whereas the American President has the power of Qualified Veto.
  • There is no prescribed time limit when the Indian President exercises the Pocket Veto, whereas, in the case of the American President, he has to return the bill for reconsideration within 10 days, i.e., the pockets of the Indian President are bigger than the American President.

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FAQs on Veto Powers of President and Governor

The President of India has three veto powers, i.e. absolute veto, suspension veto and pocket veto.

There is no such boundation on the president regarding using his veto powers.

First President of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad used Absolute Veto to withhold his assent to the PEPSU Appropriation Bill in 1954.The bill was passed by the Parliament when the President’s Rule was in operation in the state of PEPSU. But, when the bill was presented to the President for his assent, the President’s Rule was revoked.

Article 111 of the Indian constitution provides the power of veto to the President.When a Bill has been passed by the Houses of Parliament, it shall be presented to the President, and the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds assent therefrom Provided that the President may, as soon as possible
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