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Home / IAS Preparation / Tropical Evergreen Forest India

Tropical Evergreen Forest UPSC Notes: Characteristics & Types

Last Updated on Apr 18, 2024
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Tropical Evergreen forests form an important part of the Natural vegetation in India. They can thrive in areas having more than 200 cm of rainfall. Tropical evergreen forests of India are found in the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which border the Arabian Sea, the coastline of peninsular India, and the larger Assam region in the northeast. In Odisha, there are a few isolated spots of evergreen forest. 

Tropical Evergreen Forest UPSC is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS exam. It covers a significant part of the geography subject in the Mains General Studies Paper-1 syllabus and General Studies Paper-1 of the UPSC Prelims Syllabus.

In this article on Tropical Evergreen Forest UPSC, we shall study the characteristics, geographical location, flora, and fauna of Tropical Evergreen Forests for the UPSC exam.

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Download Geography UPSC Notes with this link!

What is Tropical Evergreen Forest?

Tropical evergreen forests are also known as tropical rainforests or simply evergreen forests. They are dense, lush, and predominantly green forest ecosystems that thrive in regions with high rainfall and constant temperature throughout the year. These forests are characterized by a diverse array of tall, closely spaced trees that form a continuous canopy, creating a shaded and humid environment below. The vegetation in tropical evergreen forests remains green. It retains leaves throughout the year, resulting in a perpetual green landscape.

Characteristics of Tropical Evergreen Forests

The trees are said to be evergreen, as there has been no period of drought over that time. In nature, they are mostly tall and hardwood. The forests which are evergreen are essential in not only promoting greenery on the planet but, on the other hand, they are also useful in the continual survival of animals and plants in the forest ecosystem.

  • They mostly occupy about 7% of the surface of the earth.
  • The facts show that they are found mostly near the equator.
  • They have a sparse interspersed undergrowth with clearings.
  • The facts also show that they have a scarce presence of litter, which is organic matter settling on the ground.
  • These forests are said to be very dense and multi-layered.
  • The study shows that forests constitute an important part of the environment and ecology.
  • These trees, which are present in the forests, are an important component of Forest Biology and the ecosystem that helps promote life. 
    • This, in turn, allows the animals and plants to harmonize and live with one another in absolute peace.

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Location of Tropical Evergreen Forest in India

The climatic conditions show they are found in warm and humid areas, with annual precipitation over 250 cm and a short dry season. The mean annual temperature here, which we are talking about, is above 22°C.

The eastern and western slopes of the Western Ghats are where tropical evergreen forests are located. These are the states where these forests are most commonly found:

  • Kerala
  • Karnataka
  • West Bengal
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Maharashtra
  • Tripura
  • Meghalaya
  • Tamil Nadu
  • Assam
  • Arunachal Pradesh
  • Nagaland

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Types of Tropical Evergreen Forest in India

Tropical evergreen forests are found in regions that receive high rainfall throughout the year. They are characterized by dense vegetation, tall trees, and a wide variety of plant and animal life. India has three main types of tropical evergreen forests:

Western Ghats tropical wet evergreen forests

These forests are found on the western slopes of the Western Ghats mountain range in western India. They are characterized by high rainfall and humidity. The trees in these forests are typically tall and have evergreen leaves. Some of the common tree species include rosewood, mahogany, and ebony. These forests are home to a wide variety of animal life, including elephants, tigers, leopards, and monkeys.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands tropical wet evergreen forests

These forests are found on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a group of islands located in the Bay of Bengal. They have similar characteristics to the Western Ghats tropical wet evergreen forests. However, they are home to a unique range of plant and animal life. Some of the common tree species include Dipterocarpus grandiflorus and Dipterocarpus kerrii. These forests are home to endangered species such as the Andaman white-bellied sea eagle and the Nicobar hornbill.

Northeast India tropical wet evergreen forests

These forests are found in the northeastern states of India, such as Assam, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh. They are characterized by high rainfall and humidity. The trees in these forests are typically tall and have evergreen leaves. Some of the common tree species include Dipterocarpus macrocarpus and Shorea robusta. The Northeast India tropical wet evergreen forests are home to a wide variety of animal life. This includes elephants, rhinos, tigers, and leopards.

Learn more about the Tropical Deciduous Forests in India!

Wildlife of Tropical Evergreen Forest in India

Some of the important flora found in these forests include the Rosewood, the Mahogany, the Aini, the Ebony, etc. these are also important species in Kerala are Mesa, which is the White cedar, the Jamun, and Canes, etc. There is a very common species found in Assam forests: the Gurjan, Jamun, Agar, Bamboo, etc.

Wildlife of tropical evergreen forests commonly includes birds like owls, cardinals, and hawks and some mammals like deer, raccoons, and possums. In India, most evergreen forests are located in Karnataka and Kerala. The evergreen forests are primarily found in the Western Ghats.

Adaptation of Plants

We can understand this as they are found in nutrient-poor rainforest soils and do not penetrate deeper layers. Many large trees have huge ridges called buttresses near the base that can rise almost up to 30 feet high before blending into the trunk. The Buttress roots generally provide extra stability and increase the surface area of a tree so that it can ‘breathe in’ more carbon dioxide and ‘breathe out’ more oxygen.

  • The big trees have buttress roots in tropical evergreen forests, the country of India, Andaman Islands, and Havelock Island.
  • The bark is rough and thicker, and the canopy is less dense than the previous type. Also, the canopies are not continuous, and species richness is lower.
  • The main species are white cedar, the hollock, and the kail. There are important Species in Kerala Aini, bamboo, etc., and again, there is an important species in northeastern India: the White Cedar, Indian Chestnut, Champa, and Mango.

भारत में उष्णकटिबंधीय सदाबहार वन के बारे में हिंदी भाषा में भी जान सकते हैं।

Learn more about the montane forest!

Difference between tropical evergreen and deciduous forest

Here's a comparison between tropical evergreen forests and deciduous forests:

Tropical Evergreen Forests

Deciduous Forests

Found in regions with high rainfall and constant temperature throughout the year.

Found in regions with distinct wet and dry seasons.

Characterized by dense and lush vegetation with tall, closely spaced trees forming a canopy.

Characterized by a mix of tall and short trees, with a less dense canopy.

Vegetation remains green and retains leaves throughout the year.

Vegetation undergoes leaf shedding during the dry season.

High biodiversity with a wide variety of plant and animal species.

Moderate biodiversity compared to tropical evergreen forests.

Supports a wide range of epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants) and lianas (woody vines).

Epiphytes and lianas are relatively less common.

Soil is nutrient-poor due to rapid recycling of nutrients by the dense vegetation.

Soil is comparatively richer, as leaf litter from the deciduous trees adds organic matter.

Continuous growth and reproduction of plants throughout the year.

Growth and reproduction are synchronized with the seasons.

Examples include the Amazon Rainforest and the forests of Southeast Asia.

Examples include the forests of Central India and parts of Africa.

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Tropical Evergreen Forest in India UPSC FAQs

Tropical evergreen forests have dense, year-round green vegetation. Deciduous forests experience leaf shedding during dry seasons.

States in India that have tropical evergreen forests include Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and parts of the northeastern states like Assam.

The largest tropical evergreen forest is the Amazon Rainforest, primarily located in South America.

Two trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forests are the Mahogany tree and the Teak tree.

Evergreen forests are characterized by a high diversity of tree species.
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