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Home / IAS Preparation / Sub categorization within OBC UPSC Notes: Current Progress

Sub categorization within OBC UPSC Notes: Current Progress

Last Updated on Apr 01, 2024
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OBC is the group of the notified cast in the central NCL list of OBCs. The OBC is a socially and educationally backward social group, and for their upliftment, they are provided with a 27% reservation in the central government jobs and educational institutions. The sub-categorization of OBC has been implemented at the state level in 11 states across India, including West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Bihar, the Jammu and Kashmir region, Haryana, and the union territory of Puducherry. 

This article on Sub categorization within OBC UPSC will discuss the various aspects of Sub categorisation within OBCs, including the Justice Rohini Commission and the latest update on its report, National Commission for Backward Classes.

The topic Sub categorization within OBC UPSC is an important topic from the IAS Exam perspective. It is covered under the Indian Polity and Indian Society sections of the General Studies Paper-2 Syllabus of the IAS Mains exam. For further information, Join Online IAS Coaching today.

About the Sub Categorization of OBC

OBC (Other Backward Classes) are the backward classes in Indian society other than the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes mentioned in the Central NCL list of the OBCs. OBCs are given 27% reservation by the central government in jobs and educational institutions. It has been observed that the reservation benefits are utilized only by a handful of OBC sub-castes, and many deserving OBCs are deprived of the reservation benefits.

To read an article about the National Human Rights Commission, click here.

Importance of Sub Categorization within OBC

Sub categorization within OBCs is proposed for equitable reservation distribution among the OBC community. Data and findings suggest that only a few fluent OBC communities among around 2600 included in the central OBC caste list have secured a major chunk of 27% reservation benefits. The 27% reservation benefits are distributed non-uniformly, and the society's dominant and relatively well sections among the backward classes have taken up a disproportionately large share of reservation benefits. While on the other hand, many other OBC communities have almost zero representation in jobs and educational institutions. This has prompted the government to take steps toward sub-categorization within the OBC.

To read an article about the National Commission for Women, click here.

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Department of Personnel and Training 2018-19 annual report

Based on the 2018 data analysis of 1.3 lakh central jobs and admissions to central higher education institutions under the OBC quota, the following observations were made:

  • Only 10 OBC communities accounted for 24.95% of the jobs and seats.
  • A significant majority (97%) of jobs and educational seats were occupied by just 25% of the sub-castes classified as OBCs.
  • Approximately 37% (983) of OBC communities had no representation in jobs and educational institutions.
  • The total representation of 994 OBC sub-castes in recruitment and admissions was only 2.68%.
  • According to the 2018-19 annual report of the Department of Personnel and Training, the recruitment of OBC candidates in central jobs was notably low.
  • For instance, in central universities, no professors or associate professors were appointed under the OBC quota, and positions reserved for them were filled by individuals from the general category as OBC candidates were declared 'None Found Suitable' (NFS).

NCBC’s Terms of Reference

Following are the terms of reference of the National Commission for backward classes.

  • To monitor and investigate all matters related to the safeguards provided for socially and educationally backward sections in India.
  • Inquiry into specific complaints about the deprivation of rights and safeguards of socially and educationally backward classes.
  • To advise and participate in backward classes' social and economic development, value, and progress under the center and states.
  • To present an annual report to the President of India regarding the commission's work.
  • To make recommendations related to measures to be taken by the union or the state governments to effectively implement safeguards and other developmental measures for the backward classes.

To read an article about the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, click here.

Current Progress

The Rohini Commission analyzed the data of Central Government jobs given under the 27% OBC reservation quota over the last 5 years in 2018 full stop. Also, the commission looked into the admissions of OBC in the central higher education Institutions like IIT and IIM over the past 3 years under the reservation quota and reached the following findings.

  • A staggering 97% of all jobs and educational admissions under the OBC quota were allotted to only 25% of all sub-castes within the OBCs.
  • Of this 97%, 95% of jobs and seats under the Central OBC quota were grabbed by just 10 OBC sub-castes.
  • Moreover, 37% of the total OBC community, which amounts to 983, were found to have zero representation in government jobs and educational institutions.
  • Furthermore, 994 sub-castes under the OBCs have a meager representation of only 2.68% in jobs and admissions.

Read an article about Lok Adalats here.

States that have Implemented the Sub categorization within OBC

There are 11 states/UT that have implemented subcategorization of OBC. The list of states is given below.

  • Karnataka
  • Jharkhand
  • Puducherry
  • Jammu and Kashmir
  • Bihar
  • Telangana
  • \West Bengal
  • Tamil Nadu
  • Andhra Pradesh
  • Maharashtra
  • Haryana

Measures Taken for Issues Related to Sub Categorization within OBC

In 2017, the President of India established a five-member commission to examine the possibility of subcategorizing OBC (Other Backward Classes). The commission, led by the Former Chief Justice of Delhi, G. Rohini, was appointed under the provisions outlined in Article 340 of the Indian Constitution. The commission's objective is as follows:

  • To assess the extent of unequal distribution and lack of fairness in reserving reservation benefits among various castes and communities listed in the Central OBC category.
  • The OBC reservation quota of 27% will remain unchanged, but specific mechanisms, criteria, and parameters need to be developed to subcategorize OBCs.
  • To bring order to the Central list of OBCs.

Since its establishment, this commission has received six extensions, with the most recent one granted in 2019.

Justice Rohini Commission

The Government of India set up the Justice Rohini Commission to examine the sub-categorization within OBCs.

Formation

The President of India formed the Justice Rohini Commission on 2nd October 2017 under Article 340 of the constitution. Initially, the commission was given a term of 12 weeks up to January 2018 to dispose of the matter. But since then, the commission has been given several extensions, and the present deadline is 31 January 2023.

Background

A brief background to the OBC reservation and sub-categorization is as follows:

  • In 1953 Kalelkar Commission was formed to identify backward classes other than Scheduled Caste and Schedule Tribes at an all-India level.
  • In 1980 The Mandal Commission report classified around 52% population in India, covering 1257 communities, as Other Backward Classes or OBC.
  • With the landmark Supreme Court judgment in the Indira Swanhey case in 1992, the OBC reservation in Central Government Services was implemented.
  • The Supreme Court of India in 2008 asked the central government to remove the creamy layer within OBC from the reserved category.

Terms of Reference

Following are the three initial terms of reference of the Justice Rohini Commission

  • To examine the extent of inequitable distribution of benefits of 27% reservation among the OBC castes and sub-castes.
  • To work out a scientific approach for OBC sub-categorization.
  • Identify the sub-castes, respective castes, or communities in the Central List of OBC.
  • To study the entries in the OBC Central list and recommend corrections in case of any ambiguity, repetition, inconsistency, and error spelling.

Milestones Reached 

Following the milestones reached by the Justice Rohini Commission during its tenure

  • The commission has successfully prepared the draft report on sub-categorization within OBC.
  • With the challenges like lack of data on the population of various OBC communities for comparison of the population with their respective representation in government jobs and admissions, the commission still successfully prepared the draft report on sub-categorization.

News Concerning the Commission

According to some informed officials, the commission is in the final stages of presenting its formula for sub-categorization within OBCs.

The commission is expected to divide the OBC sub-castes into four broad categories.

To read an article about the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, click here.

Way Forward

As the deadline for the report of Justice Rohini Commission is nearing following points shall be kept in mind while dealing with the report:

  • The politicization of the report must be prevented.
  • The report shall be studied minutely and in a neutral manner.
  • Quick and prompt action must be taken on the report's findings and formula of the sub-categorization of OBC instead of ‘pocket vetoing’ the report.
  • All political parties must work together to implement the sub-categorization formula for the equitable distribution of reservation benefits among OBCs.

Conclusion

The government giving an uncalled-for extension to the Rohini Commission clearly shows the nervousness of the center regarding the report and the public response to it. Many officials have also expressed concerns over the manner in which the report is to be made public, as a backlash is certainly expected irrespective of which caste is classified under which subgroup.

Therefore it is the duty of all these stakeholders, including political parties, Institutions, Government, concerned OBC communities, and all the citizens, to deal with the issue with maturity and utmost restraint to maintain peace and harmony in the society.

Read about the Ujala Scheme here!

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Sub Categorization within OBCs FAQs

Sub category of OBC means creating multiple categories within the OBCs which includes all the castes in the OBC NCL List. The sub-categorization of OBCs is required for the equitable distribution of reservation benefits among all the OBC sub-castes.

So far the Rohini Commission has got 10 extensions. The latest deadline for the submission of the report is 31 January 2023.

NCBC (National Commission for Backward Classes) is a Constitutional body working for the welfare and safeguarding of the interests of Backward Classes in India other than the SCs and STs.

The NCBC was accorded constitutional status in the year 2018 by the 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act (123rd Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2017)

Justice (Retd.) G Rohini is the head of the four-membered OBC sub-categorization commission.

OBCs consists of the middle strata of the Indian social caste system, the OBCs are placed below the upper castes (unreserved) and above the SC/STs.

According to the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment as of 12/04/2018 there are 2479 castes under the OBC caste list in India.
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