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Home / IAS Preparation / Warren Hastings - Early Life, Important Positions Held & Reforms Undertaken During his Tenure.

Warren Hastings - Early Life, Important Positions Held & Reforms Undertaken During his Tenure.

Last Updated on May 01, 2025
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Warren Hastings was the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William at Bengal and the first Governor General of Bengal. Warren Hastings served in India from 1772 to 1785 and was impeached on his return to Britain due to his corruption. Along with Robert Clive, Warren Hasting laid the foundation for the British rule in India. 

NCERT Notes about Warren Hastings is very important for the upcoming UPSC CSE Prelims and Mains as he was recently quoted in the Trump’s impeachment trial. This topic is covered in the Modern History part of UPSC exams. This article gives an account on the reforms made by Warren Hastings in administration, judiciary, commerce and revenue.

Warren Hastings (UPSC Modern History) NCERT Notes: Download PDF Here.

Warren Hastings – Early Life
  • Warren Hastings was born on 6 December 1732 and was an alma mater of Westminster school.
  • In 1750, he joined the British East India Company as a clerk and in 1752 he was promoted and sent to Kasimbazar in Bengal which was the major trading post of British East India Company.
  • Warren Hasting along with others at Kasimbazar were imprisoned by Siraj-ud-Daulah as he was against the Europeans. Soon he escaped to the island of Fulta and lived along with the refugees from Calcutta.
  • He later joined as a volunteer in Robert Clive’s force.
  • He became a British resident in Murshidabad in 1758 where he was assigned certain jobs on behalf of Robert Clive.
  • In 1771, he was appointed as the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William at Calcutta
  • With the enactment of the Regulating Act of 1773, his position was replaced with the new title called Governor General making him the first Governor General of Bengal.

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Warren Hastings -Important Positions held –
Year Positions Held
1758 Clive appointed Hastings resident at Murshidabad to deal with the new nawab, Mir Jafar.
1761 Hastings was named to the Calcutta council under Henry Vansittart, Clive’s successor.
1764 Hastings retired to England with a modest fortune.
1769 He applied for re-employment and was appointed to the Madras council.
1772 After Vansittart and two other members were lost at sea, Hastings became governor of Bengal.
1774 Two years later he was governor general of India, a post he held until 1785.

Warren Hastings -Tenure at Madras and Calcutta
  • The Calcutta Madrasa was founded in 1781 by Warren Hastings, a British Governor-General of the East India Company.
  • Warren Hastings was promoted from from Governor to the new Governor-General.  And at the same time Regulating Act 1773 was passed to unite administrations of Madras and Bombay under Bengal’s control.
  • He was the first and most well-known of the British governors-general of India.
  • He was appointed as Governor of Calcutta in the year 1771 and during his tenure the unfortunate Bengal Famine occured.
  • He implemented the idea of Robert Clive to bring all 3 major british administrations ie : Bombay, Madras and Calcutta under one Rule.
  • He ruled over the country from 1772 to 1785 before being impeached upon his return to England.

Reforms Under Warren Hastings – 

Warren Hastings served as the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) from 1732 until 1818. He was the architect of India’s present administrative structure. The following is a list of his reforms: –

Administrative Reforms

  • The dual system of administration which was introduced by Robert Clive in Bengal, was abolished by Warren Hastings in 1772. He brought Bengal under the direct administration of the British East India Company.
  • Warren Hastings along with his council established the Board of Revenue in order to manage the revenue affairs of the British East India Company.
  • He reduced the annual allowance given to the Nawabs from 32 Lakhs to 16 Lakhs.
  • In 1765, Robert Clive assigned the districts of Allahabad and Kora to the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam. Hastings reclaimed these districts from the Emperor and sold them to Nawab of Oudh.
  • He also stopped paying annual tribute to the Emperor which was paid since 1765.

You might like to read: NCERT notes on Indian Council Act 1861

Judicial Reforms

Warren Hastings made changes in the judicial system based on the Mughal model. He established Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat at district level in 1772

Diwani Adalat: 

  • It was presided over by the collector
  • All the civil cases and the cases that involve sum upto Rs.500 was dealt here
  • In this court Hindu laws were followed for Hindus and Muslim laws for Muslims.

Faujdari Adalat:

  • It was presided over by the Indian officers of the British East India Company.
  • He was accompanied by Qazis (Judges) and Muftis (Jurists belonging to Muslim Community)
  • Here all the criminal cases were dealt and the Mohammadan law was followed.
  • Collector, an European officer was appointed to supervise the Faujdari Adalat.
  • Warren Hastings made attempts to codify the Hindu and Muslim laws.

Also read: NCERT notes on Bengal Femine 1770

Revenue Reforms

  • In 1772, Warren Hastings leased the estates to the highest bidder and thereby made a five year land revenue settlement which was known as Quinquennial settlement.
  • In 1773, he made changes in the machinery of collection by replacing the corrupted Collectors with the Indian Diwans. Further six provincial councils were established to supervise these officers.
  • Since he was biased towards centralisation, he failed to devise an effective land revenue system in India.
  • Warren Hastings along with his council established the Board of Revenue to manage the revenue affairs of the British East India Company. 

Commercial Reforms

  • He maintained only five custom houses and all the remaining custom houses were brought to an end.
  • The duties were paid uniformly by both Indian and European merchants and it reduced to 2.5%
  • He checked the misuse of Dastaks (Free trade pass) by the officers British East India Company.

Also read: Subhas Chandra Bose here

What is the Warren Hastings impeachment case?

  • The first governor-general of Bengal was Warren Hastings.
  • He is regarded as one of the country’s most influential colonial governors.
  • Hastings reinforced British power in Bengal as governor (1772-1774) and later as Governor General (1774-1785), and made significant administrative improvements.
  • Despite his importance in defining English interests in India, Hastings’ behavior while in government was questioned when he returned to Britain in 1785.
  • Hastings was impeached in 1786 after allegations of mismanagement, abuse of locals, and personal corruption surfaced during his time in India.
  • The then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, William Pitt, first backed Hastings before joining the chorus of opponents.
  • Burke led the House of Commons’ prosecution before the House of Lords in the impeachment trial, which began in 1788.
  • Burke rejected Hastings’ contention that ‘Western’ legal principles could not be applied in the East during the trial.
  • Burke claimed that individuals in India were entitled to the same protection as those in Britain under the Law of Nature.
  • The House of Lords acquitted Hastings in 1795, and the impeachment collapsed.
  • Burke predicted that such a decision would live in “perpetual infamy,” and the trial sparked a broader discussion over the East India Company’s position in India.

Warren Hastings – Significant Events Under His Rule
  • The acts that were introduced by the British government during his time were
    1. The Regulating Act of 1773
    2. Act of Settlement, 1781 (Amending Act of 1781)
    3. Pitt’s India Act of 1784
  • During the first Anglo-Maratha war, Warren Hastings rejected the Treaty of Wadgaon and captured Ahmedabad, Bassein and Gwalior. Finally he concluded the war by signing the Treaty of Salbai.
  • The Rohilla war of 1774 and Second Mysore war of 1780-84 took place during his time.

Also read: Udham Singh for UPSC Modern History.

In June 1785, Warren Hastings returned to England and there he was tried for his misconduct and corruption during his time in Calcutta and impeached. However he was later acquitted and in 1814, he was appointed as Privy Counsellor.

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If you are checking Warren Hastings NCERT Notes For UPSC, also check the related Modern History articles in the table below:
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Warren Hastings (NCERT Notes) FAQs

Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat were the two courts established at district level by Warren Hastings in 1772. He made reforms in the judicial system based on the Mughal’s Judiciary model.

In 1772 Warren Hastings abolished the dual system of government which was introduced by Robert Clive.

Warren Hastings was impeached for his corrupt practises and misconduct during his time. However in 1795, he was acquitted and was appointed as Privy Counsellor.

Lord Cornwallis succeeded Warren Hastings as the Governor General of Bengal in 1786.

Warren Hastings was the first Governor General of Bengal. The Regulating Act of 1773 renamed the Governor as Governor General of Bengal.
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