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Home / IAS Preparation / Mexico India Relations

Mexico India Relations - Background, Bilateral Agreements, Cultural Cooperation & More

Last Updated on Aug 09, 2024
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India and Mexico have maintained friendly and cordial relations characterized by mutual understanding and growing bilateral trade. Despite being geographically distant, they share striking similarities and commonalities regarding geography, history, culture, and civilization. Both countries are large emerging economies with similar socio-economic development priorities and constraints. They have democratic, secular, and pluralistic systems and convergent worldviews. India and Mexico are at comparable economic and technological development levels, and both are members of the influential G-20.

This topic is a vital part of the UPSC IAS Exam preparation. According to recent trends, Mexico-India relations fall under the International Relations (IR) segment, which has been a hot- favorite area in the UPSC Mains examination. In this article, we will learn in detail about the history, trade aspects, present scenario, and future possibilities of Mexico-India relations.

Recent Updates

In recent times, Mexico-India Relations have moved forward rapidly, thanks to India's aggressive and proactive Foreign Policy. This has resulted in both countries signing various bilateral agreements and MoUs, further strengthening their partnership.

  • In the 6th round of bilateral foreign office consultations in Mexico City in June 2022, India’s ISRO and Mexico’s AEM signed a specific agreement on cooperation in space.
  • The agreement focused on- crop monitoring, drought assessment, and capacity building.
  • An MoU on space cooperation for peaceful purposes was signed in 2014.
  • In the meeting, bilateral and multilateral issues like the upcoming G-20 presidency of India were also discussed. The consultations of the next round will be held in New Delhi.
  • The Mexican foreign minister visited India in March 2022, and during the visit, he described India as one of the most important countries in world geopolitics.
  • According to him, healthcare, agro-food, and aerospace are the key focus areas of cooperation. Mexico wants to partner with India and take advantage of India’s technological advancement in these sectors.
  • He also announced the opening of the Mexican consulate in Mumbai on 1st April.

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Historical Background of Mexico-India Relations

The history of Mexico-India relations goes back to pre-independence times, as both countries have colonial-era connections with Europe. India not only shares striking similarities with Mexico in history, geography, and culture but also has enviable commonalities in attitude, mindset, and public values.

  • After independence, Mexico became the first ‘’Latin American’’ country to recognize India and established diplomatic relations in 1950.
  • The success of the green revolution in India in the 1960s is largely attributed to the Mexican wheat varieties, especially the Sonora variety.
  • In 1961 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Indian head of the state to visit Mexico, and in the following year, the Mexican President visited India.
  • The countries also worked closely for the interest of the developing countries during the Cold War era.

India-Mexico Relations

The spectrum of India-Mexico bilateral relations is expanding at a rapid pace as both countries are working actively towards expanding and further consolidating their bilateral relations. The Indian foreign policy of the past decade may not reflect India and Mexico as the most prominent partners. Still, both are working towards achieving a stronger, better, and long-lasting partnership.

Political Relations

Political relations are the foundation for other relations between Mexico and India, including trade and defense. Mexico and India have a strong political understanding and generally agree on international issues. Both countries are large emerging economies, uphold democratic values, and are members of the G-20 group. In 2022, they are also non-permanent United Nations Security Council (UNSC) members.

Mexico and India established political relations in 1950 and collaborated closely during the Cold War as members of groups like the United Nations, G-77, G-15, and the Nuclear Disarmament Group (G-6).In 2007, the bilateral relationship between India and Mexico was elevated to a "privileged partnership," further upgraded in 2015 to aim for a strategic partnership.

During Prime Minister Modi's visit to Mexico in 2016, both countries pledged to promote an effective multilateral system and work together on goals such as nuclear nonproliferation, disarmament, combating global terrorism, and addressing international security issues.

Also, read this article on India-Australia Relations

Defence and Security

In the defense and security sector, India and Mexico have similar interests in disarmament and international security. Both countries have the same agenda against other Global Security challenges, including rising terrorism worldwide.

Economic and Trade Relation

India and Mexico have a significant trading relationship, with India being Mexico's tenth-largest trading partner. India enjoys a positive trade balance with Mexico. Mexico is currently India's top trading partner in Latin America. In 2021, India's exports to Mexico amounted to USD 5.931 billion, while Mexico's imports totaled USD 4.17 billion, resulting in a total trade value of USD 10.11 billion.

India's exports to Mexico include vehicles and auto parts, organic chemicals, electrical machinery and electronics, aluminum products, ready-to-wear clothing, iron and steel products, jewels and jewelry, and pharmaceutical products. On the other hand, India imports crude oil, mineral fuel, fertilizers, iron and steel, and engineering goods from Mexico.

Crude oil constitutes 75 percent of Mexico's total exports. Areas with high growth potential include mining and tourism projects in Mexico, food processing and infrastructure projects in India, automobiles and auto parts, textiles and garments, software and IT, pharmaceuticals, engineering, renewable energy, and biotechnology.

Check out this article on India-Japan Relations

Major Bilateral Agreements between Mexico India Relations
  • Cultural Agreement (1975)
  • Specific Agreement for Cooperation in the field of Science & Technology (1975)
  • Cultural Exchange Programme (2005)
  • Educational Exchange Programme (2005)
  • Specific Agreement on Visa Exemption on Diplomatic & Official Passports (2005)
  • MoU on Cooperation in Small and MediumEnterprises (2006)
  • Extradition Treaty (2007)
  • Mutual Treaty on Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2007)
  • Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (2007)
  • Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (2007)
  • Air Services Agreement (2008)
  • MoU on Cooperation in New and Renewable Energy (NRE) (2008)
  • Agreement on Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters (October 2012)
  • MoU on Cooperation in the field of Promotion & Protection of Human Rights (March 2014)
  • MoU between ISRO and the Mexican Space Agency (AEM) on Space Cooperation for Peaceful Purposes (October 2014)
  • Cooperation Agreement on Electoral Matters between the Federal Electoral Institute of the United Mexican States and the Election Commission of India (ECI) (October 2014).
  • MoU between the Electronics & Computer Software Export Promotion Council (EPC) of India and the Mexican Chamber of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Information Technologies (CANIETI) (2020).
  • MoU for promoting the development of Business Relations between India and Mexico between the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and the Mexican Business Council of Foreign Trade, Investment and Technology (COMCE) (October 2020).
  • Specific Cooperation Agreement between ISRO and Mexican Space Agency on Forest Fire Management using Earth Observation data and Capacity Building was signed in October 2020.
  • Specific Cooperation Agreement in Outer Space between ISRO(India) and AEM (Mexico) on Crop Monitoring, Drought Assessment and Capacity Building.

Cultural Cooperation

The India-Mexico agreement on cultural cooperation was signed in 1975, enabling collaboration through four-yearly cultural cooperation programs. The Gurudev Tagore Indian Cultural Center (GTICC) was established in Mexico City in October 2010 under the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). GTICC offers classes on yoga, Hindi, Sanskrit, Indian classical dance forms, and other Indian art forms.

The center also commemorated India's 75 years of independence by celebrating Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav. Prominent Mexican universities have dedicated centers for Indian studies. The recent unveiling of Swami Vivekananda's statue by Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla in Mexico highlights the depth and impact of Indian culture in Mexico.

Recent High-Level Exchanges

In order to provide leverage to the bilateral relations both countries agreed to continue high-level political exchanges. The most recent summit-level meeting between India and Mexico was held when Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Mexico in 2016.

From India to Mexico

From Mexico to India

Prime Minister Shri Jawaharlal Nehru (1961)

President Adolfo Lopez Mateos (1962)

Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi (1981)

President Luis Echeverria Alvarez (1975)

President Shri Giani Zail Singh (1984)

President Jose Lopez Portillo 1981

Prime Minister Shri Rajiv Gandhi (1986)

President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (1985)

President Smt. Pratibha Devi Singh Patil (2008)

President Felipe de Jesus Calderon Hinojosa (2007)

Prime Minister Shri Manmohan Singh (June 2012)

–

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi (June 2016)

–

In addition to the above visits there have also been several ministerial-level meetings including

From India,

  • (Retd.) Gen. Shri V.K. Singh, MOS(EA) (2016)
  • Shri Kiren Rijiju MOS for Home Affairs (2017)
  • Shri Sanjay Dhotre MOS MHRD (2019)
  • Dr. S. Jaishankar, External Affairs Minister (September 2021)

From Mexico,

  • Ms. Maria Guadalupe Murguia Gutierrez, President of Chamber of Deputies, (2017)
  • Mexican Senator and President, IPU Ms. Gabriela Cuevas Barron, (2018)
  • Ms. Rocio Nahle, Minister of Energy, (2019 and 2020)
  • Mr. Marcelo Ebrard, Mexico Foreign Minister, (30 March 2022)

Check this article to know about the India-France Relations here!

Indian Diaspora/Community in Mexico

According to the Government of India, the Indian community in Mexico, including PIOs / NRIs, numbered around 6500, the majority of which reside in Mexico City. The Indian diaspora comprises mostly business executives, academicians, scientists, and their families. Indian Association of Mexico (IAM), established in 2016, is instrumental in serving the Indian community. Mexico City also features a Gurdwara, an ISKON Temple, and several Indian restaurants.

Concluding Remarks

The positive cultural and historic synergies are a big advantage for the bright future of Mexico-India bilateral relations. India and Mexico have more similarities than differences in their aspirations on the Global stage. For the betterment of Mexico-India relations, there is a need to develop mutual trust and greater connectivity between them. It is a good opportunity for India to help Mexico achieve advancement in the space sector and security in the pharmaceutical sector. Mexico can be a potential gateway to the lucrative Latin American market and NAFTA for the rapidly expanding Indian economy. Mexico can also ensure better energy security to India by becoming a reliable crude oil supplier. The Mexico-India relationship would be a great example of South-South Cooperation.

Download the PDF on Mexico India Relations Notes for UPSC Exam here!

Check out the following article to learn about India-Bangladesh Relations

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Mexico India Relations FAQs

Yes, Mexico is the largest trading partner of India in Latin America and in 2019 India Mexico's trade was around 9 billion USD.

Yes, Mexico-India Relations were elevated to ‘’privileged partnership in 2007 and in 2015 it was decided to work towards making it a strategic partnership.

Mexico was the first Latin American country to establish diplomatic relations with India in 1950.

Automobiles and Auto-parts are the top export commodities to Mexico.

Crude oil (around 75% value of the total imports).

Space, Agro-tech, UNSC, International Security and Energy Sector.
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