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Home / IAS Preparation / Kanheri Caves

Kanheri Caves: History, Architecture, Features, and Importance!

Last Updated on Dec 05, 2024
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The Kanheri Caves in Mumbai, India, are believed to have served as a center of learning and temporary housing for Buddhist monks. They are a famous example of rock-cut architecture. The caves are one of the largest such Buddhist sites in India. They date back to as early as the 1st century BC. The exact purpose of the Kanheri Caves remains somewhat shrouded in mystery. However, the caves are known for their large Vihara (prayer hall) and stupas. The stupas are Buddhist shrines featuring paintings and carvings. The Kanheri Caves are of particular significance to Buddhism. They are a unique example of India's rich rock-cut monuments and temple history.

Kanheri Caves is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS exam. It covers a significant part of Art and Architecture in the General Studies Paper 1 syllabus and events in the UPSC Prelims General Studies Paper 1 syllabus.

This article provides an overview of the History, Architecture, Features, and Importance of Kanheri Caves, the Significance of Buddhist architecture & other UPSC facts.

You can Download Art and Culture UPSC Notes for IAS Exam here!

What are Kanheri Caves?

The Kanheri Caves are a group of rock-cut monuments and caves. They are located in the forests of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, India. The Kanheri Caves were carved out of basalt rocks.

  • The caves contain Buddhist sculptures, inscriptions, paintings, and relief carvings.
  • The caves served as a center of Buddhist learning and meditation.
  • The caves are situated on the former Salsette Island.
  • They are named after the Sanskrit term Krishnagiri. Krishnagiri means Black Mountain.

Fig: Location of kanheri Caves

Read the linked article to learn about the Elephanta Caves.

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History of Kanheri Caves 

The Kanheri Caves are a remarkable site. They feature the largest number of caves carved into a single hill. The caves were carved out of dense basalt stone. Buddhist Monks carved the caves from the first century AD to the eleventh century AD.

  • The monks used most of the Kanheri Caves as living quarters. Larger caves were used for collective prayer.
  • To store water, cisterns were carved into the site. A massive Chaitya window was created to allow natural light in.
  • Kanheri was a significant monastery settlement. During the Mauryan and Kushan empires, it became a university center.
  • The location of Kanheri near ancient port towns was advantageous. Port towns such as Sopara, Kalyan, Thane, and Bassein were nearby. 
  • Kanheri thrived for nearly a millennium. The majority of the Kanheri Caves have no known date. Inscriptions mentioning donors and king names have helped with identification.
  • However, by 1560, Buddhism had gradually declined in Maharashtra. This led to the abandonment of the caves. The Kanheri Caves were deserted for 300 to 400 years. The caves were abandoned in the 11th century AD. They were rediscovered by a group of Japanese monks.
  • The Kanheri Caves feature huge images and statues on their walls. These include a standing Buddha and an image of Bodhisattva.
  • Over the ages, the site has been known by various names. These names include Kanhagiri, Kanhasela, and Krishnagiri.
  • Kanheri received support from the Satavahanas, Traikutakas, Vakatakas, and Silaharas. Wealthy merchants also supported the center. These merchants made donations to support its activities.
  • The earliest reference to Kanheri is from Fa-Hein. Fa-hien was a Chinese Buddhist monk and translator. Several other travelers also visited Kanheri.

Fig: Kanheri Caves

Read the article to learn about the UNESCO List Of Intangible Cultural Heritage India.

The Architecture of Kanheri Caves

Here's a table outlining some of the key features and description of this impressive site.

Features

Description

Total number of caves

109

Purpose

Buddhist monks practiced the Buddha's teachings while also residing, studying, meditating, and living. During the monsoon, they also used the caves as shelters.

Design

Rock-cut monuments, traditional art of western India

Iconography

Presents the iconography of the Buddhist art of later periods

Prayer halls

Chaitya Grihas

Relics

Magnificent relics of Buddha and Bodhisattvas, pillared corridors of prayer halls

Paintings

More than 30 unfinished paintings of Buddha

Statues

Colossal Buddha statue (22 ft in height), large Avalokiteshvara (Bodhisattva) with 11 heads

Water harvesting system

Evolved and complex water harvesting management system with water cisterns in almost every cave and huge water tanks

Construction

Chaityas and Viharas created using elements of wooden construction

Most attractive cave

The Cave 3 - Hall, which has two tall standing Buddha statues and 34 pillars, offers information about the Theravada (Hinayana) branch of Buddhism.

Features of Kanheri Caves

Here's a table outlining some of the characteristics of different caves of this impressive site.

Cave Number

Features

1

Divided into two levels, houses an incomplete chaityagriha or prayer hall

2

Originally had three stupas/ dagobahs, rocks around stupas have sculptures of Lord Buddha

3

Known as the Chaitya cave, has a well-sculpted screen, stupa, tall pillars, large Buddha statue near entrance

4, 5, 6

Cave 4 is one of the oldest, Caves 5 and 6 are water cisterns

11

Used for reciting religious scriptures by Buddhist monks

34

Ceiling adorned with incomplete paintings of Lord Buddha

41, 67

Sculptural images of Bodhisattvas, statues of 11-headed Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, glimpses of Jataka tales(Cave 41)

90

Oldest and darkest cave, houses many statues of Lord Buddha on the lotus throne and in the Padmasana or meditation pose

Read the article to know about the Mahabodhi Temple, its Architecture, and Construction.

Importance of Kanheri Caves

Kanheri Caves are considered an important historical and archaeological site. Here are some of the reasons why Kanheri Caves are important:

  • The Kanheri Caves provide valuable insights into ancient Buddhist culture.
  • The Kanheri Caves are a fine example of rock-cut architecture. They represent the rich cultural heritage of Western India with unique style of architecture. The style is a blend of ancient Indian and Greco-Buddhist styles.
  • The Kanheri Caves are adorned with sculptures and paintings. The art inside the caves reflects the teachings of Buddhism. It showcases the life and times of Lord Buddha.
  • The Kanheri Caves are a popular destination for tourists seeking peace and tranquility. They attract visitors from all over the world.

Overall, the Kanheri Caves are an important cultural, historical, and spiritual site that provides valuable insights into the ancient Buddhist way of life.

Conclusion

The Kanheri Caves are an exceptional example of ancient Buddhist architecture and art. They give us an insight into the lifestyles of the Buddhist monks who once roamed the area. The caves are a popular tourist attraction. This place should be visited by anyone who values history, culture, and spirituality.

UPSC CSE Mains Question on Kanheri Caves
  1. The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. (UPSC Mains 2020)

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Kanheri Caves FAQs

The region is famous for the Sanjay Gandhi National Park. The Kanheri Caves are located inside the park. The park is the habitat of tigers, leopards, and birds. Nature lovers, hikers, and wildlife enthusiasts visit the park.

The Kanheri Caves are important for showcasing ancient Buddhist architecture and art. They offer a glimpse into the life and culture of Buddhist monks. The monks lived in these caves centuries ago.

The Kanheri Caves consist of 109 caves. Buddhist monks resided, studied, and meditated in these caves. The monks also spread the teachings of Gautama Buddha. The caves showcase the art, architecture, and daily routines of the monks.

The Kanheri was a vast monastic settlement. It was constructed between the 1st to the 11th century AD. The complex comprises numerous caves. Buddhist monks used the caves for meditation, learning, and dwelling.

The Kanheri Caves are located in Mumbai, India. They are situated in the Sanjay Gandhi National Park. The caves are surrounded by lush greenery and wildlife. This creates a unique atmosphere that attracts visitors worldwide.

The Kanheri Caves were built by Buddhist monks. They are a series of rock-cut structures and buildings. These structures date back to the 1st and 11th centuries AD.
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