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Home / IAS Preparation / Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese Encephalitis - Learn its Modes of Transmission & Government Initiatives for UPSC Notes!

Last Updated on Sep 28, 2022
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Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. It is a flavivirus spread by mosquitoes and is a member of the same genus as the West Nile, yellow fever, and dengue viruses.

Japanese Encephalitis is one of the important topics for the UPSC IAS Exam as it covers a significant part of the General Studies paper-3 syllabus.

In this article, we shall cover in detail the meaning, causes, and symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis for the UPSC exam.

Japanese Encephalitis – Learn its Modes of Transmission & Government Initiatives for UPSC Notes: Download PDF here!

What is Japanese Encephalitis?

Japanese encephalitis caused by infected mosquitoes is a flavivirus which is related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses and outbreaks of JE occur every 2 to 15 year. With an estimated 68 000 clinical cases each year, JEV is the primary cause of viral encephalitis in several Asian nations.

  • In Asia and the western Pacific, the JE virus is the most common vaccine-preventable cause of encephalitis.
  • It is transferred via the Culex mosquito.
  • In addition to humans, the virus can also infect pigs and horses. In horses, this can cause encephalitis, and in pigs, it can cause miscarriage.
  • In Japan, the first case of the viral illness known as Japanese encephalitis (JE) was reported in 1871.
  • The case-fatality rate for those who have encephalitis might be as high as 30%, notwithstanding the rarity of symptomatic JE.
  • 30% to 50% of those with encephalitis may experience long-term neurologic or psychological consequences.
  • JEV transmission is endemic in 24 countries in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific areas, which puts the health of more than 3 billion people at risk.
  • The disease has no known treatment. The focus of treatment is on easing severe clinical symptoms and helping the patient fight the infection.
  • Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent JE. WHO recommends that JE vaccination be integrated into national immunization schedules in all areas where JE disease is recognized as a public health issue.

Image: Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis

Vulnerable group

  • Although any age group could be affected by JE mostly children are effected because adults in endemic nations are typically immune.
  • Those who spend more than a month in rural areas in countries where the disease is endemic or in parts of the Torres Strait Islands are more vulnerable.

Causes of Japanese Encephalitis

  • The flavivirus that causes JE can infect both people and animals.
    • Through the bite of an infected mosquito, the virus can be transferred from animals to people.
    • It cannot be passed from person to person.
  • The main hosts of the Japanese encephalitis virus are pigs and wading birds.
    • After consuming the blood of an infected animal or bird, mosquito contracts the disease.
  • The virus can be transmitted to any person bitten by an infected mosquito.
  • The mosquitoes that transmit JE typically breed in rural regions, especially where there are flooded rice fields or marshes. The mosquitoes feed usually between day and night.

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Japanese Encephalitis Symptoms

The symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis include

  • Mild fever and headache or initially, it can show no apparent symptoms
  • The incubation period is between 4-14 days.
  • High temperature, headache, stiff neck, confusion, coma, seizures, spastic paralysis, and eventually death are other possible outcomes of the symptoms.
  • The case-fatality rate among patients who have illness symptoms can reach 30%. 20%–30% of those who survive experience long-term cognitive, behavioural, or neurological consequences, such as paralysis, recurring seizures and inability to speak.

Conditions which intensify the transmission of JE

  • JE is primarily spread during the summer season, when severe epidemics can happen, throughout the majority of Asia’s temperate regions.
  • Transmission can happen year-round in the tropics and subtropics, but in areas where rice is grown, it frequently picks up during the rainy season and just before harvest.

Modes of transmission of Japanese Encephalitis

  • Humans contract JEV by mosquito bites from Culex species infected mosquitoes (mainly Culex tritaeniorhynchus). Once infected, humans don’t produce enough viraemia to infect feeding mosquitoes. However, there is no evidence of transmission from human to human.
  • The virus is spread by mosquitoes, pigs, and/or water birds in a cycle also known as the enzootic cycle. The disease is most prevalent in rural and periurban areas, where people live close to vertebrate hosts.
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Also, check out the article on Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Humans for UPSC Preparation!

Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis

  • Japanese Encephalitis vaccines are known to be safe and effective. WHO advises having robust JE prevention and control initiatives, including JE vaccination, coupled with enhancing surveillance and reporting methods.
  • JE vaccination should be taken into account in a conducive environment even if the number of JE-confirmed cases is low. Human vaccination should be given precedence over pig vaccination and mosquito control methods.
  • There are four types of JE vaccine:
  1. Live Attenuated Vaccines
  2. Inactivated Vero Cell Derives Vaccines
  3. Inactivated Mouse Brain Derived Vaccines
  4. Live Recombinant (Chimeric) Vaccines.
  • The most extensively used vaccine in endemic areas during the past few years is the live attenuated SA14-14-2 vaccine, which the WHO prequalified in October 2013. It is manufactured in China.
  • Cell-culture-based inactivated vaccines and live recombinant vaccines based on yellow fever strain are licensed and prequalified by WHO. Gavi opened a financing window in November 2013 to help JE vaccination efforts in eligible countries.
  • Some of the basic prevention methods are listed below.
  • All visitors to locations where Japanese encephalitis is endemic should take care to avoid mosquito bites to lower their chance of contracting the disease.
  • The use of coils, vaporizers, long sleeves, and insect repellents are some examples of personal precautions.
  • It is also advised for travellers to get vaccinated before leaving for JE endemic areas.

Is a Japanese encephalitis vaccine needed?

Adults over the age of 18 who are still at risk of contracting the JE virus 1-2 years after receiving the initial dose are advised to receive a booster dose of the inactivated virus vaccine.

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Government Initiatives Related to Japanese Encephalitis

In 1955, the first case of JE in India was reported in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. The Burdwan area of West Bengal reported the first significant Japanese Encephalitis outbreak in 1973. Since that time, reports of JE/AES have come from 171 districts throughout 19 States in the nation. More than 6000 cases and 1500 fatalities were reported as a result of a significant outbreak of JE in eastern UP in 2005. The important decision to introduce vaccines in high-endemic areas resulted from this.

Some of the initiatives launched by the government of India are listed in the table below.

Government Initiatives To Control Japanese Encephalitis
SNo. Programme/Ministry Features
1 National Programme for Prevention & Control of Japanese Encephalitis/Acute Encephalitis Syndrome The goal of this programme was to reduce morbidity, mortality, and disability in children due to JE/AES.
2 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
  • Strengthening and Expanding JE Vaccination.
  • Strengthening of Public Health Activities
  • Better Clinical Management of JE/AES Cases.
  • Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR)
  • Establishing of District Counselling Centres
  • Monitoring, Supervision, and Coordination
  • Research-Cum-Intervention Project
3 Ministry of Jal Shakti/ Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation The supply of safe drinking water and good sanitation are essential for the prevention and control of Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) due to the danger of transmission of the disease through contaminated drinking water.
4 Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (HUPA) To ensure the supply of safe drinking water and sanitation in urban areas, and towns.
5 Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
  • Through a nationwide network of national institutes, composite regional centres, and district disability rehabilitation centres, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment carries out its responsibility to provide rehabilitation services to its target populations.
  • The Ministry also runs a number of programmes, such as the Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS), which promotes the physical, psychological, social, educational, and economic rehabilitation of people with disabilities in order to improve their quality of life and give them the ability to live a life with dignity.
6 Ministry of Education, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Ministry of Human Resource Development, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) To set up special curricula and schools for mentally challenged children and special schools and training facilities to be established by Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme.
7 Ministry of Women and Child Development To improve the monitoring of feeding of children at the Anganwadi centres with the help of district and state authorities under Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). The Ministry will also take special measures to train and sensitize Anganwadi workers and their supervisors regarding JE/AES. The Ministry will also provide additional Take Home Ration (THR) to the moderately undernourished children enrolled under ICDS.

Conclusion

Japanese Encephalitis virus is a serious virus and proper care and prevention should be taken in order to prohibit it. Although the Indian government has started various initiatives to prevent its infection, people also need to follow the guidelines given by the programs/ schemes and various ministries.

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Japanese Encephalitis FAQs

Japanese Encephalitis is a virus, known as flavivirus which is spread by mosquitoes. It is related to dengue, West Nile viruses, and yellow fever.

No, not all mosquitoes carry Japanese encephalitis. It is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Culex species, namely Culex tritaeniorhynchus.

Japanese Encephalitis is caused by a bite of a mosquito infected with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).

Headache, fever, and vomiting are some of the common symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis.

Yes, the vaccine is available for Japanese Encephalitis virus and they are known to be 90 %, effective they are advised to people who are infected under the supervision of specialized doctors.

Yes, the Japanese Encephalitis vaccine is needed especially in endemic areas. Therefore, people travelling to JE endemic areas are advised to get vaccinated before leaving.

The brain and spinal cord are among the central nervous system organs that are affected by Japanese encephalitis. In Asia, it is the main factor causing viral neurological illness and impairment, and it is most prevalent among children.
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