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IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite ISRO Mission: Launch Date, Status & Objectives

Last Updated on Jun 30, 2025
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India’s space programme, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has evolved from modest beginnings into one of the most respected space agencies in the world. Over the years, ISRO has designed and executed a range of missions—from satellite navigation, Earth observation, interplanetary exploration, to solar studies—that have not only enhanced India’s technological self-reliance but also contributed to global scientific collaboration. Its cost-effective approaches and mission diversity—from Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan to Aditya-L1 and the upcoming Gaganyaan—have become case studies in innovation.

For UPSC aspirants, ISROs journey is more than current affairs—it directly intersects with the syllabus of General Studies Paper 3 (Science & Technology), provides examples for GS Paper 2 (International Relations, Governance), and can enrich perspectives in the Essay Paper, Ethics, and even Optional subjects like Geography or PSIR. In this article, we will explore detailed insights about ISRO IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Mission —its objectives, timelines, key technologies, and strategic implications.

ISRO IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Mission Overview

IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite mission aligns with ISRO’s objectives in Navigation, contributing to mission-specific capabilities and outcomes.ISRO selected Earth as the functional environment for the IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite mission.

  • IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite was launched aboard the PSLV-C31.
  • All pre-launch procedures were conducted at Satish Dhawan Space Centre.
  • Among its key functions, IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite was intended to Regional navigation services.
  • Complementing its main task, IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite contributed to Augment NavIC constellation.
  • Reports indicate that the mission stands at Operational (atomic clock failed later) [45].

IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Space Mission Overview for UPSC

Mission Name

IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite

Mission Abbreviation

IRNSS-1E

Mission Type

Navigation

Target Celestial Body or Orbit

Earth

Primary Objective

Regional navigation services

Secondary Objectives

Augment NavIC constellation

Mission Status

Operational (atomic clock failed later) [45]

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Timeline & Milestones of ISRO IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Mission
  • ISRO conducted the launch of IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite on January 20, 2016, as per mission planning.
  • The primary mission life of IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite is projected to conclude around Around January 2026 (10-year design life).

Timeline & Milestones

Proposal Date

N/A

Critical Design Review (CDR) Date

N/A

Assembly Complete Date

N/A

Launch Date

January 20, 2016

Landing / Flyby Date

N/A

End of Primary Mission Date

Around January 2026 (10-year design life)

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ISRO IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Mission Technical Specifications

The satellite’s technical blueprint included I-1K bus, Rubidium atomic clocks, allowing for stability and performance in space.The mission trajectory for IRNSS-1E was designed around Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO), Sub-GTO initially, aligned with its objectives.

  • To fulfill its scientific mandate, IRNSS-1E carried instruments such as Navigation and ranging payloads.
  • L5-band, S-band were utilized as the primary communication channels for IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite, ensuring connectivity in Earth.
  • The technical approach for IRNSS-1E included systems like Satellite navigation technology.

Technical Specifications

Spacecraft Technical Specifications

I-1K bus, Rubidium atomic clocks

Scientific Payloads

Navigation and ranging payloads

Orbit Details

Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO), Sub-GTO initially

Communication Frequencies / Band

L5-band, S-band

Key Technologies Used

Satellite navigation technology

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IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Launch Information
  • IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite lifted off from the launch pad on January 20, 2016.
  • As part of its launch strategy, IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite used PSLV-C31 for orbital insertion.
  • Satish Dhawan Space Centre was the designated launch complex for this mission.

Launch Information

Launch Vehicle

PSLV-C31

Launch Site

Satish Dhawan Space Centre

Who are the Stakeholders & Collaborators?

ISRO worked together to deliver the mission objectives.

    Stakeholders & Collaboration

    Agencies Involved

    ISRO

    Commercial Partners

    N/A

    International Partners

    N/A

    Payload Contributions by Partners

    N/A

    Data Sharing Policy

    N/A

    Outputs, Applications & Impact of ISRO IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Mission

    Among ISRO’s recent efforts, IRNSS-1E earned distinction for Fifth satellite in NavIC constellation.Among its contributions, IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite delivered information on Navigation and timing data.

    • The mission’s outcome supports national needs through civilian applications like Positioning, navigation, timing services for various applications.
    • One of the key policy-aligned outcomes of IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite is Strengthened independent regional navigation capability (NavIC).
    • The strategic vision behind IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite includes future missions like Continued augmentation and modernization of NavIC constellation, designed to extend the platform’s capabilities and applications.

    Outputs, Applications & Impact of IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Mission

    Data Outputs and Applications

    Navigation and timing data

    Major Achievements

    Fifth satellite in NavIC constellation

    Applications in Civilian Life

    Positioning, navigation, timing services for various applications

    Impact on Policy & Global Collaboration

    N/A

    Environmental Impact & Sustainability

    N/A

    Strategic Significance & Policy Alignment

    Strengthened independent regional navigation capability (NavIC)

    Follow-up Missions or Extensions

    Continued augmentation and modernization of NavIC constellation

    Cost Estimate

    N/A

    ISRO IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Space Mission Risks, Failures & Mitigation

    Atomic clock failure was identified as a key challenge in the course of the Navigation mission.

    • According to official updates, the mission faced issues including Atomic clock failure.
    • ISRO responded to the issue by adopting measures such as Used for messaging services [45].
    • The mission experience provided insights such as Importance of robust clock systems.

    Risks, Failures & Mitigation

    Challenges Faced

    Atomic clock failure

    Risk Mitigation Measures

    N/A

    Failures or Anomalies

    Atomic clock failure

    Corrective Actions Taken

    Used for messaging services [45]

    Lessons Learned

    Importance of robust clock systems

    UPSC Relevance of ISRO IRNSS-1E Navigation Satellite Space Mission
    • Questions related to recent satellite launches, their functions, and associated orbits often form part of the current affairs-heavy UPSC Prelims syllabus, making ISRO missions a recurring theme.
    • The collaborative nature of missions with international agencies such as NASA, ESA, or CNES can also be used in GS Paper II under international relations and science diplomacy.
    • Essays discussing India’s transformation or global leadership in science benefit from factual, yet inspirational, references to space milestones.
    • Questions on governance, planning, or policy effectiveness can refer to ISRO’s mission execution timelines and success rates.

    Past UPSC Mains PYQs on ISRO Space Missions

    Q1. Discuss the role of the private sector in the growth of the space industry in India. How has the governments policy of 2023 affected it? (2023, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

    Q2. What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (2022 & 2019, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

    Q3. Space has been the next big frontier for mankind after sea and land. In this context, discuss Indias policy and preparedness for space wars. (2019, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

    Q4. Discuss the utility of the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) for India. (2016, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

    Q5. What do you understand by Standard Positioning Systems and Precision Positioning Systems in the GPS era? Discuss the advantages India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites. (2015, GS Paper 3 - Science & Technology)

    Past UPSC Prelims PYQs on ISRO Space Missions

    Q1 [2025]: GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) uses a system of ground stations to provide necessary augmentation. Which of the following statements is/are correct in respect of GAGAN?

    I. It is designed to provide additional accuracy and integrity.
    II. It will allow more uniform and high quality air traffic management.
    III. It will provide benefits only in aviation but not in other modes of transportation.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) I, II and III
    (b) II and III only
    (c) I only
    (d) I and II only

    Correct Answer: (d) I and II only

    Explanation: Statements I and II correctly describe the core purpose and benefit of the GAGAN system. (I) GAGAN is designed to augment GPS signals by correcting for errors, which provides much greater accuracy and guarantees the integrity (reliability) of the positioning information. (II) This enhanced accuracy and reliability directly enables more precise aircraft routing and landing procedures, thus improving the uniformity and quality of air traffic management.

    Q2 [2022]: If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?

    1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
    2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
    3. Power grids could be damaged.
    4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
    5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
    6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
    7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
    (b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
    (c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

    Answer: The correct answer is (c).

    Explanation: A major solar storm can disrupt GPS, power grids, satellite orbits, polar radio communication, and cause auroras, but cannot trigger tsunamis or forest fires.

    Q3 [2020]: The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to

    (a) Voyager-2
    (b) New horizons
    (c) Lisa Pathfinder
    (d) Evolved LISA

    Answer: The correct answer is (d) Evolved LISA.

    Explanation: Evolved LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is a planned space-based gravitational wave observatory by ESA and NASA, using three spacecraft in a triangular formation with laser beams to detect cosmic gravitational waves.

    Q4 [2016]: Consider the following statements:

    The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO

    1. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
    2. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
    3. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt

    Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3


    Answer: c) 1 and 3 only

    Explanation: Mangalyaan is the informal name of Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), launched by ISRO on 5 November 2013 and India is the only nation to date to have succeeded on its maiden attempt.

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    UPSC Practice Questions on ISRO Space Missions

    Q1. Consider the following statements:
    A. Gaganyaan: ISRO plans seven-day space tour with three gaganauts in 2023 for science and technology advancement.
    B. Vyommitra: A humanoid robot sent along with gaganauts to manage environmental information.
    Which of the above is/are correct?
    1. B only
    2. Neither A nor B
    3. A only
    4. Both A and B
    Answer: B only
    Solution: Vyommitra is a humanoid robot developed by ISRO intended to be sent to space, designed to manage environmental information. The statement about Gaganyaan planning a three-day space tour with three astronauts in 2023 is incorrect. Gaganyaan is indeed ISRO's manned space mission, which aims to send Indian astronauts to space. The inclusion of a humanoid robot like Vyommitra in space missions represents a significant technological advancement, demonstrating capabilities in robotics and space exploration. Humanoid robots in space missions can perform tasks that are risky or impossible for humans, and they can also be used to simulate human presence in space for research purposes.

    Q2. Which among the following is a recent scientific mission of ISRO for a comprehensive study of the Sun?
    1. Aditya - L1
    2. Bhaskara - L2
    3. Solar Mission - L1
    4. Solar Orbiter
    Answer: Option 1
    Solution: Aditya L1 is India's first scientific expedition to study the Sun. It will be ISRO's second space-based astronomy mission after AstroSat, which was launched in 2015. L1 refers to Lagrangian/Lagrange Point 1, one of 5 points in the orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system. ISRO categorizes Aditya L1 as a 400kg-class satellite that will be launched using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in XL configuration. It will be inserted in a halo orbit around the L1 which is 1.5 million km from the Earth.

    Q3. In reference to Mangalyaan launched by ISRO, consider the following statements:
    I. It is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission.
    II. It was launched in November 2013.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. Neither I nor II
    2. Both I and II
    3. Only I
    4. Only II
    Answer: option 2
    Solution: Mangalyaan is the popular name for India's Mars Orbiter Mission. The mission's official name is indeed Mars Orbiter Mission. Hence, Statement 1 is correct. Mangalyaan was launched on November 5, 2013. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

    Q4. Mars Orbiter Mission is informally called:
    1. Mangalyaan
    2. Mission water
    3. Mystery Mars
    4. Magnetic Mangal
    Answer: Mangalyaan
    Solution: The Mars Orbiter Mission is informally known as Mangalyaan, which means Mars Craft in Sanskrit. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation on November 5, 2013. Mangalyaan is India's first interplanetary mission, and it made India the first Asian country to reach Martian orbit and the fourth space agency in the world to do so. The mission's primary objective was to develop the technologies required for interplanetary missions.

    Q5. Which of the following statements about Gaganyaan are true?
    A. LVM-3 rocket is the launch vehicle for Gaganyaan mission.
    B. It consists of solid stage, liquid stage and cryogenic stage.
    C. It has an Orbital Module which comprises of Crew Module and Service Module.
    D. It envisages demonstration of human space flight capabilities by launching a crew of 5 to the Earth's orbit at 500 kilometers.
    Choose the correct answer:
    1. A, B and C only
    2. B and C only
    3. A and B only
    4. B and D only
    Answer: A, B and C only
    Solution: LVM-3 rocket is the launch vehicle for Gaganyaan mission. This is true and confirms statement A. It consists of solid stage, liquid stage, and cryogenic stage. This validates statement B as accurate. It has an Orbital Module which comprises of Crew Module and Service Module. This supports statement C as correct. Statement D is incorrect because Gaganyaan envisages a crew of 3, not 5, and the planned orbit is around 400 kilometers, not 500 kilometers.

    Q6. ISRO recently achieved its 100th launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Choose the correct statement regarding this launch.
    1. ISRO's 100th launch took place from Sriharikota, Tamilnadu.
    2. ISRO's 100th launch took place using the GSLV-F15 rocket carrying the NVS-02 satellite.
    3. NVS-02 is the 2nd satellite in the series of 2nd generation satellites of the Navigation with Indian Constellation.
    4. The GSLV-F15 is the 20th GSLV flight.
    1. Only statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct
    2. Only statements 2, 3 and 4 are correct
    3. Only statements 1 and 3 are correct
    4. Only statements 2 and 3 are correct.
    Answer: Only statements 2 and 3 are correct.
    Solution: ISRO achieved its 100th launch from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, using the GSLV-F15 rocket. Hence statement 1 is incorrect. The mission successfully deployed the NVS-02 satellite, which is part of the second-generation NavIC constellation. Hence statement 2 is correct. NVS-02 is the second satellite in the new-generation NavIC series, enhancing navigation coverage up to 1500 km beyond the Indian subcontinent. Hence statement 3 is correct. GSLV-F15 marks the 17th flight of the GSLV rocket and the 11th mission using an Indigenous Cryogenic Stage. Hence statement 4 is incorrect.

    Q7. Which of the following is not a satellite of Indian origin?
    1. XPoSat
    2. IXPE
    3. SROSS-C
    4. HySIS
    Answer: IXPE
    Solution: IXPE (Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer) is not an Indian satellite. It is a NASA mission in collaboration with the Italian Space Agency. IXPE was launched on December 9, 2021, using a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. It is designed to study the polarization of X-rays from cosmic sources like black holes and neutron stars. XPoSat is India's first dedicated X-ray polarimetry mission, launched by ISRO on January 1, 2024. SROSS-C is part of India's early satellite program, launched on May 20, 1992. HySIS is an Earth observation satellite developed by ISRO.

    Q8. Which space agency helps India in tracking the Solar Mission Aditya - L1?
    1. NASA
    2. ESA
    3. JAXA
    4. ROCOSMOS
    Answer: ESA
    Solution: ESA (European Space Agency) supports India in tracking the Solar Mission Aditya - L1. The Solar Mission Aditya - L1 is India's first dedicated mission to study the Sun. ESA provides tracking services through its deep space tracking network to assist ISRO in monitoring the spacecraft. This collaboration highlights international cooperation in space exploration and research.

    Q9. ISRO successfully completed which type of mission in February 2025 with the second docking of satellites?
    1. Mars Orbiter Mission
    2. SpaDeX Mission
    3. Chandrayaan Mission
    4. Astrosat Mission
    Answer: SpaDeX Mission
    Solution: The second docking of satellites under ISRO's Space Docking Experiment - SpaDeX Mission was accomplished successfully in February 2025. This marks a significant achievement in satellite docking technology. The first docking was completed successfully on January 16, 2025, following the PSLV-C60 launch on December 30, 2024. Further experiments are planned in the next two weeks to advance ISRO's space docking capabilities.

    Q10. In which district of Andhra Pradesh is ISRO Satish Dhawan Space Centre located?
    1. Guntur
    2. Chittoor
    3. Nellore
    4. Anantpur
    Answer: Nellore
    Solution: ISRO's Satish Dhawan Space Centre is located in Sriharikota, a barrier island in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Sriharikota serves as the primary launch site for India's satellite launch vehicles, including the PSLV, GSLV, and Gaganyaan missions. SDSC is named after Dr. Satish Dhawan, one of the pioneers of India's space program and former chairman of ISRO. The center is strategically located near the Bay of Bengal, which provides a safe trajectory for rocket launches over the ocean. Established in 1971, the center has been instrumental in launching numerous satellites that contribute to communication, navigation, and scientific research.

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