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Home / IAS Preparation / Ghana Vadya

Ghana Vadya & Sushira Vadya Musical Instruments With Example

Last Updated on Jun 02, 2023
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Exploring the world of musical instruments reveals a vast array of sounds and textures. Among them is the Ghana Vadya, a group of idiophonic instruments made of solid materials. These have played an essential role in Indian music for centuries. When struck, shaken, or scraped, they produce unique sounds without any distinct pitch. 

Instruments in this category are commonly played using a hammer or striker. They cannot produce the precise pitches necessary for creating a melody. This restricts their use in classical music. 

In this article, we will look at some of the most significant musical instruments for the UPSC IAS exam.

Ghana Vadya

Ghana Vadya, also known as Ideophones, are percussion instruments that are solid and do not require tuning. The Ghana Vadya instruments are believed to be the world's oldest instruments.

  • The Ghana Vadya instruments are unable to produce sounds with distinct pitches.
    • Hence, they are primarily used to play auxiliary rhythmic patterns within larger ensembles. 
  • They are formed of ceramic, wood, metal, or glass, and the noises they may make are usually short-lived and generated by collision, which is the act of striking two things capable of vibration together.
  • The Ghana Vadya instruments are thought to be the world’s first instruments.
  • Previously, these instruments were extensions of the human body, such as sticks, clappers, and rods, and were also closely tied to everyday things such as falams jhanj, pans and pots, and so on.
  • They’re best used to accompany folk and tribal music and dancing, and their role is primarily rhythmic. This type of instrument does not need to be tuned before it can be played.
  • Ghana Vadya instruments are usually used as timekeepers in India, but they can also serve as vocalists or assist dancers in emphasising specific rhythmic passages.
  • For example, Jal tarang, Ghatam, and so on. A massive sculpture of a lady playing the Jhanj is about 8 feet tall in the Sun temple of Konarak, Orissa.

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Examples of Ghana Vadya

Some of the major examples of Ghana Vadya include:

  • Manjira
  • Khartal
  • Chimta
  • Morchang
  • Jaltarang
  • Ghatam

Manjira

  • It’s a set of two small hand cymbals that are frequently heard during Hindu devotional music sessions.
  • Manjira is a traditional Ghana Vadya instrument made of brass or bronze.

Khartal

  • A wooden clapper made up of two discs or plates known as khartal.
  • Khartal, which literally means “hand beat,” is primarily employed in religious and folk tunes.
  • This ancient idiophone instrument gets its name from two Sanskrit words: “kara,” which means hand, and “tala,” which denotes rhythmic cycle, clapping, or time.
  • The way Khartal is played, two “basic” pieces of wood can create a complicated net of strokes and patterns that becomes increasingly complex when the Khartal player converses with the other drummer playing the Dholak.

Chimta

  • Chimta is an idiophone instrument that may be used in both rural and large-scale events like concerts and television presentations.
  • Its shape is reminiscent of a pair of tongs with little brass jingles.

Morchang

  • Morchang, also known as Morsing, is a type of plucked Ghana Vadya
  • This small yet fascinating idiophone is made up of a performer’s tongue that makes a sound when it is plucked.
  • Both Hindustani and Carnatic classical music traditions employ it as an auxiliary rhythmic instrument.
  • Within folk music ensembles, it can also perform the role of a vocalist.
  • A skilled morchang musician may create rhythmic patterns and timbric changes that are both startling and intriguing.

Jaltarang

  • It is a directly struck idiophone formed from a varied set of porcelain bowls that are struck with a thin bamboo stick. Jaltarang can be regarded as a member of the Ghana Vadya family.
  • The size and number of these bowls vary, but they are all filled with water.
  • Each porcelain bowl produces a certain pitch depending on the amount of water used.
  • As a result, the fact that Jaltarang produces specific pitch sounds and may be utilised to play raga-s (Indian classical modes) and melodies are what makes it worthy of our attention.
  • In contrast to the basic explanation offered in the introductory portion of this article, instruments like Jaltarang demonstrate that some forms of Ghana Vadya can be adjusted.

Ghatam

  • It’s a narrow-mouthed ceramic water pot that’s been stripped of its original use and turned into a percussion instrument over time.
  • Ghatam is a type of percussion known as Ghana Vadya.
  • It’s an idiophone in which the performer creates sound by striking a ceramic pot with his or her hands.

Sushira Vadya is also known as Wind instruments or Aerophones. Sound is created by blowing air into a hollow column in the Sushira vadya group. The melody is performed by using the fingers to open and close the instrument, and the pitch of the note is created by manipulating the passage.

Examples of Sushira Vadya

Some of the major examples of Ghana Vadya include the following:

  • Flute
  • The Double Flutes
  • Reed Instruments
  • Shehnai

Flute

  • The flute is the most basic of these instruments. Flutes are typically made of bamboo or wood, and Indian musicians choose these materials for their tonal and melodic qualities.
  • There are also allusions to flutes made of red sandalwood, black wood, cane, ivory, bronze, silver, and gold, in addition to bamboo and wooden flutes.
  • In various sections of the country, single or double flutes with only one hollow tube and finger holes for altering the pitch of the note are fairly widespread.
  • Slow parts, such as Alap in the lower registers, are played with long horizontal flutes with a bigger diameter.
  • For Taans, the faster passages and also for creating, smaller and shorter flutes, often held vertically, are employed.

The Double Flutes

  • The double flute is usually played by tribal and rural musicians, and it is rarely seen on the concert stage.
  • They have a tiny hole at one end, similar to beak flutes. References to these instruments can be found in the Sanchi Stupa’s first-century carvings, which depict a musician playing a double flute.
  • Bird whistles made of clay have been discovered in Indus civilization excavations, as well as seals with wind and percussion instruments.
  • Flutes constructed of wood or bamboo have not withstood the ravages of time and are not found in prior civilizations’ excavations.
  • Actual musical instruments are made of bamboo, wood, animal hide, and other materials that expire when buried for any length of time.
  • The Vedas mention a musical instrument called the Venu, which was used to accompany chanting and recitation.
  • There is also mention of a flute known as the Nadi. Venu, Vamsi, Bansuri, Murali, and other names for the flute can be found in the north, whereas Pullankuzhal, Pillankarovi, and Kolalu can be found in the south.
  • Bamboo flutes typically have a diameter of around 1.9 cm; however, flutes with larger diameters are also popular. Sharangdeva’s musical work Sangeeta Ratnakara, written in the 13th century, mentions 18 different flutes.

Reed Instruments

  • Reed instruments have one or two reeds put into the instrument’s open beak or tube, which vibrate when air is blown into them.
  • The reeds are tied together with a gap between them before being inserted into the body of the instrument in this sort of instrument.
  • The tube’s body is roughly spherical, narrow at the blowing end and progressively extending outward with a metallic bell at the far end to increase the sound volume.
  • A spare pair of reeds, as well as an ivory or silver needle for adjusting and cleaning the reeds, are hanging from the instrument’s mouthpiece.Example: Shehnai, Nadaswaram etc.

Check out the linked article on Gandhara and Mathura school of art.

Shehnai

  • The Shehnai is a reed instrument having seven holes running the length of the tube that is used to play the tune by opening and shutting them with the fingers.
  • It’s called a Mangal vadya and played at all auspicious events in north India, including weddings, temple festivals, and so on.
  • The Shehnai is thought to have travelled from West Asia to India. However, some researchers believe it may have travelled from India to China.
  • It is presently a popular instrument in concerts, with a pleasant sound that is well suited to Raga Sangeet.

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Ghana Vadya and Sushira Vadya FAQs

Ghana Vadya, also known as Ideophones, are solid instruments that do not require tuning. As a result, the vast majority of them are unable to produce sounds with distinct pitches, hence they are generally used to play auxiliary rhythmic patterns inside bigger ensembles. For example- Manjira, Khartal, Chimta , Morchang.

They are formed of ceramic, wood, metal, or glass, and the noises they may make are usually short-lived and generated by collision, which is the act of striking two things capable of vibration together.

Sushira Vadya is also known as Wind instruments or Aerophones. Sound is created by blowing air into a hollow column in the Sushira vadya group. The melody is performed by using the fingers to open and close the instrument, and the pitch of the note is created by manipulating the passage.

Some of the examples of Sushiir Vadya are: Flute, Shenai, double flute.

Reed instruments have one or two reeds put into the instrument's open beak or tube, which vibrate when air is blown into them.
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