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Home / IAS Preparation / Bijapur Kingdom

Bijapur Kingdom: History, Important Rulers, Administration, Culture And More!

Last Updated on Nov 29, 2024
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Yusuf Adil Shah established the Adil Shahi or Adilshahi, a Muslim dynasty that governed the Bijapur kingdom, which was centred on the present-day Bijapur area. From 1489 to 1686, it held sway over the Western portion of Southern India's Deccan region. Prior to the Bahmani Sultanate's political downfall in the last quarter of the 15th century and eventual dissolution in 1518, Bijapur had been a province of that dynasty (1347–1518). On September 12, 1686, the Mughal Empire annexed the Bijapur Kingdom, which Emperor Aurangzeb had conquered.

In this article, we will explore the history of the Bijapur kingdom. This forms a significant part of the UPSC IAS exam, and questions related to this topic are seen in Prelims, UPSC Mains Paper I, and UPSC History Optional. This topic is equally essential for the UGC NET History exam, as 5-6 questions are asked every year about the political history of India.

Before starting, let us look at the Bijapur Kingdom Map!

Fig: Bijapur Kingdom Map

History Of Bijapur Kingdom

In 1490, the autonomous state of Bijapur was additionally separated from the Bahmani kingdom. Up until 1686, Bijapur was a sovereign state before it was captured by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Adil Shahi kings ruled over it for almost 200 years throughout this time. Yusuf Adil Khan was the founder of the Bijapur dynasty. 

  • He was the governor of the Bahmani kingdom's Bijapur province and was of Persian ancestry. In 1490, he proclaimed his independence. By taking Raichur, Goa, Dabhol, Gulbarga, and Kalyani, he expanded his little domain. But in 1510, the Portuguese captured Goa from him. During the rule of his successors, attempts were taken to hold onto existing areas and maintain acquiring new ones.
  • Ismail Shah unsuccessfully attempted to take Sholapur from Ahmednagar. The capturing of Bidar was Ismail Shah's most notable victory. 
  • Amir Barid joined the Bijapuri aristocracy after having to relinquish Bidar to the Bijapur kingdom.
  • Raichur Doab and Mudgal were reclaimed by Ismail and Alauddin Imad Shah from the Vijaynagar Empire in 1530. Ismail delivered Qandahar and Kalyani to Amir Barid in exchange for Bidar as payment. Amir Barid, however, sided with Burhan after returning to Bidar and refused to hand over Qandahar and Kalyani. Ismail finally launched an assault on him and won.
  • Ismail tried unsuccessfully in 1534 to seize Kovilkonda and Golkonda from Sultan Quli Qutb ul Mulk. He passed away the following year after his return to the Adil Shahi kingdom of Bijapur. The eldest prince Mallu Adil Khan succeeded him, but because of his impure behaviour, his grandmother Punji Khatun blinded and imprisoned him in 1535. 
  • In 1535, he perished in captivity. His younger brother Ibrahim took over for him. Ibrahim was compelled to cede the ports of Salsette and Bardez to the Portuguese since they had previously taken control of them in 1535 as a condition for controlling the rebel prince Abdullah who had sought refuge in Goa.
  • The following Sultan, Ali Adil Shah (1556–1580), conquered the Vijaynagar forts of Adoni, Torgal, Dhanvar, and Bankapur and made an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Penukonda, the new capital of Vijaynagar.
  • In 1580, Ali Adil Shah I was killed. Ibrahim, a young nephew who succeeded him, was given guardianship by his aunt Chand Bibi after he passed away.
  • During ten years, the court politics resulted in the removal of three regents.
  • Ibrahim Adil Shah's acquisition of the kingdom of Bidar in 1619 was his greatest accomplishment.
  • Muhammad Adil Shah replaced Ibrahim in the position (1627-1656). He took control of Tivy, Barder, Sarzora, and Portuguese culture. The kingdom attained the pinnacle of its splendour during his rule. The tributes from the suppressed Nayaks made up for the loss experienced by paying the Mughals at the time of his death in 1656 when the kingdom's borders stretched from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal. Mohammed Adil Shah's son Ali Shah (1656–1672), succeeded him after his passing.

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Administration Of Bijapur Kingdom

The Sultan held complete control over the state's resources. The Sultan was regarded as the ultimate military commander and head of state in every Deccan country. In reality, the Sultan's status was inherited. Even when a direct descendant was not available, a member of the same family would inherit the property. When the successors were children, a Regent with royal authority administered the states in their names. 

  • The Sultan held absolute power, which resulted in a highly centralised government. The administration was handled by a number of state departments.
  • A sort of advisory board or council for the Sultan was formed by the nobles, ulema (religious men), some officials, and friends of the Sultan. It was known as Majbs Khalwat in Bijapur Kingdom.
  • There were many departments for administrative purposes to handle various tasks. A minister served as the head of each large department. The number of ministers and departments was not "set" and was constantly shifting. With the exception of the Qazi, all ministers often carried military ranks.
  • The highest ministerial position in the Bijapur kingdom was Wakil al Sultanat. Only once was the Peshwa title used there when Ibrahim Adil Shah nominated Afzal Khan to the position.
  • Next to Wakil, Mir Jumla was regarded as a significant minister. The positions of Wakil and Mir Jumla were occasionally held by the same individual in Bijapur. Another officer in the Bijapur kingdom with the title of Mustaufi al mulk was tasked with assisting Mir Jumla with revenue-related issues. They were to be assisted by several subordinate staff members, most of whom were Hindus.
  • The management of religious endowments, grants, law, and justice was handled by a distinct department. A senior Qazi served as its leader. In general, people belonging to different religious groups were subject to different civil laws. The Sultan also made decisions on instances. A blend of Islamic, municipal, and state laws was used in criminal cases.
  • There were three different types of provincial administration in the Bijapur kingdom, according to D.C. Verma's History of Bijapur: crown lands under officials who were positioned below Mir Jumla; Jagirs were given to Jagirdars who were to maintain soldiers, generate tax, and preserve law & order; and iii) tributary chiefs who had autonomy for administration but were required to pay a fixed tribute and provide soldiers during times of war.
  • Officers were subject to transfer in crown lands. They used their judicial, military, and civic authority. Each sarkar had four different types of officers: the top administrator, officials to collect money, officials to keep track of accounts, and Qazi.
  • Parganas were created from the division of sarkars. In the latter, while Desai kept the books, Deshmukh handled revenue collection. In Sarkars and Parganas, the officers were typically referred to as Huddidar, Adhikari, Amaldar, or Amil. The village was the smallest unit. In this case, Patel served as the headman, chief of police, and chief judge in addition to collecting taxes. The accountant's office was Kulkarni.
  • Both transactions involved Inam (gift) lands. Mahar was the name of the village watchman. Balutedar or Barabahte artisans might be found in every village.

Culture Under Bijapur Kingdom

The Adil Shahi Sultans focused practically all of their efforts on architecture and related arts, with each Sultan striving to outdo his forerunner in terms of the quantity, scale, or splendour of his construction endeavours. 

  • The architecture at Bijapur kingdom combines elements of the Persian, Ottoman Turkish, and Deccani architectural styles. It is incredible to see how the Bijapur sculptors etched gorgeous motifs into the stones of Ibrahim Rouzah, Dilkusha Mahal, Malika-e-Jahan Mosque, Jal Mahal, etc., just like carpenters do with wood. On certain monuments, the stucco plaster design is excellent.
  • The incomplete Jami Mosque, which was begun in 1565, includes an outstanding dome and an arcaded prayer hall with beautiful aisles supported by huge piers. The Ibrahim Rouza, which houses Ibrahim Adil Shah II's mausoleum, is a beautiful building with exquisite sculptures. A priceless collection of miniature paintings created by Persian artists for the Adil Shahi court still exists today, some of which are well preserved in renowned European museums.
  • Combining elements of Persian-Arabic, Urdu, Marathi, and Kannada, the Dakhani language evolved into a distinct spoken and literary language. Several literary works were published in Dakhani throughout the Adil Shahi dynasty. Kitab-e-Navras, a collection of poetry and music by Ibrahim Adil Shah II, is written in Dakhani. Mushaira was born in the Bijapur kingdom before moving north.
  • In order to distinguish it from North Indian Urdu, the Dakhani language, which was developed under the Bahmani rulers, later became known as Dakhan Urdu. Ismail was a composer, whereas Adil Shah II played the sitar.
  • During Qutbuddin Aibak's rule, Sufis began to arrive in the Bijapur kingdom. The Deccan region was ruled over during this time by Palegars and native Hindu kings. The first person to come with his companions to Bijapur was Shaikh Haji Roomi. Despite the fact that his other allies, including Shaikh Salahuddin, Shaikh Saiful Mulk, and Syed Haji Makki, had made their homes in Tikota, Haidra, and Pune, respectively.
  • Sufis began to arrive in the Bijapur kingdom and the surrounding areas after this time. Ibrahim Sangane, according to Ainuddin Gojol Ilm Dehlvi, was one of the first Sufis in the Bijapur parish. According to the time they arrived, the Sufis of the Bijapur kingdom can be split into three groups: those who came before the Bahmani and/or Adil Shahi Dynasty, those who came during the Adil Shahi Dynasty, and those who came after the Adil Shahi Kingdom's demise. The Sufis can also be categorised as fighters, social reformers, scholars, poets, and authors.
  • According to Ibrahim Zubairi's Rouzatul Auliyae Beejapore, which was published in 1895, the Bijapur kingdom has more than 30 tombs or Dargahs and more than 300 Khanqahs.

Conclusion

The kingdom was weakened during this time by the Mughal and Maratha invasions. Sikandar, his four-year-old son, was named the Sultan upon Ali Shah II's death (1672-1686). The monarchy was devastated during this time by factional conflicts, intervention from Golkonda, and Maratha and Mughal invasions. However, in 1686, the soldiers of Adil Shahi were routed by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, who then annexed the kingdom to the Mughal Empire.

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More Articles for IAS Preparation

Bijapur Kingdom FAQs

Mohammed Adil Shah was Bijapur's final Sultan.

Bijapur was under siege from March 1685 to September 1686, when the Mughals were victorious.

Adil Shahi was the ruling dynasty in Bijapur.

The Bijapur Sultanate was governed by Chand Bibi when Ibrahim Adil Shah II was a minor.

The Bijapur Kingdom was founded by Yusuf Adil Shah.
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