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Home / IAS Preparation / Anti Radiation Missile

Anti Radiation Missile - Background, Components, Features, Applications, Types & Significance

Last Updated on Dec 27, 2023
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An anti-radiation missile is employed to identify and target an adversary's radio emission source, primarily manufactured for use against enemy radar systems. These missiles are specifically designed to home in on and neutralize sources of enemy radio emissions, typically targeting radars. However, they can also be directed at jammers and communication radios. The primary goal behind designing these missiles is to disrupt the enemy's defense in the initial stages of a battle, thereby increasing the likelihood of survival for subsequent waves of strike aircraft.

This topic of Anti Radiation Missiles is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination, which falls under General Studies Paper 1 (Preliminary) and General Studies Paper 3 of mains and particularly in the Science and Technology Section.

In this article, we shall discuss the Anti Radiation Missile, and we shall have an insight into its background, uses, and significance for the UPSC exam.

Check out this article on Hand in Hand Exercise here for UPSC!

What is Anti Radiation Missile?

An anti-radiation missile (ARM) is a specialized air-to-surface missile. It is designed to detect, track, and target radiation-emitting sources, particularly radar installations. Its primary purpose is to neutralize or destroy enemy radar systems. It thereby suppresses air defenses and enables air superiority.

Background of Anti Radiation Missile

  • Anti-tank missiles are a type of guided missile that was developed after World War II. They are designed to destroy enemy tanks and other armored vehicles.
  • Early anti-tank missiles were controlled by electrical signals sent along wires. They were fired from their carrying cases and were light enough to be handled by one or two soldiers.
  • Later generations of anti-tank missiles used radio transmission of guidance commands instead of wires. They also used semi-active laser designators and passive infrared homing.
  • The original visual tracking and manual commands were replaced. More advanced guidance and control techniques were used.
  • Anti-tank missiles are an important part of modern warfare. They allow infantry and other ground forces to engage and destroy enemy tanks from a safe distance.

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Components of Anti Radiation Missiles

The key components of an ARM include:

  • Seeker head: The seeker head is the most important component of an ARM. It detects and tracks enemy radar emissions. Seeker heads typically use a variety of technologies. This includes radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) sensors.
  • Guidance system: The guidance system uses the information from the seeker head. It then steers the missile toward its target. Guidance systems can be either passive or active. Passive guidance systems use the enemy's radar emissions to guide the missile to the target. Active guidance systems emit their radar signals to track the target.
  • Warhead: The warhead is the explosive device that destroys the enemy radar system. Warheads can be either high-explosive or fragmentation.
  • Propulsion system: The propulsion system provides the thrust that propels the missile toward its target. Propulsion systems are typically either rocket-powered or ramjet-powered.
  • Airframe: The airframe is the body of the missile. It is made of lightweight materials, such as aluminum or carbon fiber. This is to reduce the weight of the missile and improve its performance.

Also, read about the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) here!

Features of Anti-Radiation Missiles

Here are some of the key features of anti-radiation missiles:

  • ARMs use passive seeker systems to detect enemy radar emissions. This means they do not emit their radiation, making them difficult for the enemy to detect.
  • In addition to destroying enemy radar systems, ARMs can also temporarily suppress them. This can be done by jamming their radar signals or overloading their receivers.
  • ARMs can recognize different types of radar emissions. This allows operators to prioritize high-value targets, such as air defense radars.
  • ARMs can be launched from a safe distance from enemy radar systems. This helps to protect the launch platform from enemy fire.

Also, read about the Brahmos Missile here!

Applications of Anti Radiation Missiles

Here are some of the uses of anti-radiation missiles:

  • Anti-radiation missiles are used to find and destroy enemy radars. They can be used to target a wide range of enemy radar systems. 
    • This includes air defense radars, surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), and early warning radars.
  • They can also be used to disable enemy jamming platforms. This allows friendly aircraft to operate more freely in contested airspace.
  • Anti-radiation missiles can also be used to disrupt enemy communications. This can make it difficult for the enemy to coordinate their defenses.

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Types of Anti Radiation Missiles

Here are some of the types of anti-radiation missiles (ARMs):

Passive radar homing

These missiles home in on the radar emissions from enemy air defense systems. They do not emit any radar signals, making them difficult to detect and jam.

Active radar homing

These missiles emit their own radar signals to find and track enemy air defense systems. They are more effective than passive radar-homing missiles at long ranges. They are also more vulnerable to being detected and jammed.

Semi-active radar homing

These missiles use a combination of passive and active radar homing. They first use passive radar homing to find the enemy air defense system. Then, they use active radar homing to track and destroy it.

Home-on-jam

These missiles are designed to home in on-the-radar emissions from enemy air defense systems that are actively jamming them. This makes them very effective at destroying enemy air defense systems that use electronic countermeasures.

Also, read about the Air To Air Missile here!

DRDO-Anti Radiation Missile India
  • A DRDO anti-radiation missile, also known as an ARM, and a new generation anti-radiation missile, or an NGARM, were the previous names for the Rudram-1 project.
  • India's Defence Research and Development Organisation created this particular class of air-to-surface anti-radiation missiles.
  • The primary goal of the DRDO anti-radiation missile Rudram-1-1 is SEAD or Suppression of Enemy Air Defences.
  • It may be launched far away and can disable enemy tracking, communication, and surveillance radar systems.
  • The first anti-radiation missile made in India will be called Rudram-1.
  • Bharat Dynamics Limited and Bharat Electronics Limited jointly developed and produced the DRDO anti-radiation missile.

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Rudram-1

  • The Sanskrit name Rudram was chosen because it contains the letters ARM by tradition (the acronym for anti-radiation missile).
    • This Sanskrit term means “remover of sorrows.”
  • The anti radiation missile RudraM-I can find and strike any radiation source, including hostile radars, communication hubs, and other RF-producing targets.
  • Defence Research Development Laboratory (DRDL), a key organization in Hyderabad, is creating it.
  • Some DRDO labs, the IAF, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), and other governmental and private sector businesses are all working together on it.
  • It can also be modified for launch from other fighter jets and the Sukhoi-30 MKI.
  • The New Generation Anti Radiation Missile (NGRAM), also known as the Rudram-1, was successfully tested by DRDO at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) near Balasore (Odisha).

Fig: Rudram

Key Specifications of the Rudram Missile

The key specifications of the Rudram Missile are elaborated in a table below for better understanding.

Particulars

Description

Mass

600 kg or 1,300 lb

Length

5.5 m or 18 ft

Warhead

beforehand-fragmented warhead

Speed

2 Mach

Range

more than 100 km

Flight elevation

15 km to 0.5 km

Warhead weight

60 kg or 130 lb

Mechanism for detonation

fuze with optical proximity

Precision

5 m

Launch Platform

Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Dassault Mirage 2000, HAL Tejas Mk.1/1A, HAL Tejas Mk.2/MWF, SEPECAT Jaguar, MiG-29UPG

Type of fuel

Solid fuel

Directional System

With passive homing on the emitter, GPS/NavIC satellite guidance is added to the inertial navigation system.

Dual Engine

pulsating rocket engine

Also, read about the Surface to Surface Missile here!

Significance of Anti-Radiation Missile

The significance of an anti-radiation missile is as follows:

  • The IAF needed to improve its Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) capacity. Hence, Rudram was created to meet that need.
  • To attack the enemy’s air defence capabilities early on in air combat, SEAD tactics and anti-radiation missiles are typically deployed.
  • Additionally, modern warfare is becoming more and more network-centric, which calls for the integration of sophisticated detection, surveillance, and communication systems with weapons systems.
  • In addition to recent tests of the Shaurya missile, the unmanned scramjet Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV), and the flying test of a Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system, this is yet another test of indigenously manufactured weaponry.

Also, read about the Anti Tank Guided Missile here!

Conclusion

The use of anti-radiation missiles as “radar killers” is a crucial component of electronic warfare in the future. Those who master these weapons will be able to take advantage of battle possibilities and have access to “information systems.” As science and technology grow, anti-radiation missile performance will become increasingly advanced, posing a serious threat to the existence of the radar. Consequently, the development of active decoy technology that may successfully obstruct anti-radiation missiles will continue.

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Anti Radiation Missile - FAQs

A missile called an anti-radiation missile (ARM) is made to locate and engage an enemy radio emission source.

Rudram is the first anti-radiation missile made in India (ARM). It is an Air-to-Surface missile made by the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO).

An anti-radiation missile (ARM) is deployed to track down and destroy an enemy radio emission source. It can be used to destroy radar or jamming platforms used by the opposition, allowing their aircraft to launch an offensive while simultaneously preventing their own systems from being jammed.

No, in 2023, the US Navy will use AGM-88G Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missiles with Extended Range (AARGM-ER).

Even if the radiation source turns off in the middle of a strike, the missile can still hit the target precisely once it latches on.
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