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Home / UPSC Editorials / Charaideo Moidams

Charaideo Moidams: 43rd UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India |UPSC Editorials

Last Updated on Jul 30, 2024
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The Charaideo Moidams, burial mounds of the Ahom dynasty, have been added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list. These ancient structures, located in Assam, India, are notable for their historical significance and unique architectural style, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the Ahom rulers.The Moidams in eastern Assam has now become the first cultural site from the Northeast to make it to the list.

The topic of Charaideo Moidams and UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India is important for UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination as well as Mains Examination. It is an important topic for the General Studies-I syllabus of UPSC CSE Mains Examination. It is relevant under Indian culture section of Gneral Studies-I of UPSC Mains Examination.

Charaideo Moidams are burial mounds associated with the Ahom dynasty, which ruled Assam from the 13th to the 19th century. Located in the Charaideo district of Assam, India, these mounds are important for their historical and cultural value, representing the architectural and ritual practices of the Ahom people. The Moidams are characterized by their distinctive dome-shaped structures and are used to honor deceased Ahom royalty. They reflect the unique burial traditions and religious practices of the Ahom dynasty.

Analysis Based On

Article https://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-moidams-world-heritage-site-list-9476764/ published in The Indian Express on July 27, 2024 

Topics for Prelims

Art and Culture in India, Ahom Dynasty, Burial Sites, Burial Sites in North East India, UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India, UNESCO’S World Heritage Sites, UNESCO tentative list

Topics for Mains

Art and Culture, Ahom Dynasty, Tourism in India, Ancient Kingdoms in India, Ancient kingdoms in North East India

About UNESCO World Heritage Site

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972.

Till date, the World Heritage Committee has listed 1,199 sites in 168 countries on the list. India has 43 of its sites on the list.

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Types of Heritage Sites

There are three main types of UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

  • Cultural Heritage Sites: These include monuments, buildings, and sites with historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological, or anthropological value. For example, the Pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China are cultural heritage sites.
  • Natural Heritage Sites: These are sites with outstanding natural features, including physical and biological formations, geological processes, and natural areas. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador and the Grand Canyon in the USA are examples of natural heritage sites.
  • Mixed Heritage Sites: These have both cultural and natural significance. An example is Machu Picchu in Peru, which has incredible archaeological importance and is set in a stunning natural landscape.

Selection of a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The journey to becoming a World Heritage Site begins with the nomination of a site by the respective government of a country. To earn this prestigious status, the site must possess Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) that justifies its inclusion in the World Heritage list. Ten specific criteria determine the OUV, ensuring that a site represents a masterpiece of human creativity or exhibits unique cultural and historical significance. The nominated site should satisfy at least one of these criteria.

The evaluation of the Nomination File is carried out by two prominent bodies viz. the International Council on Monuments and Sites and the World Conservation Union. These organizations then present their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee, which meets annually to decide whether a site is inscribed on the World Heritage List. In some cases, the committee may defer the decision to request additional information from the nominating country.

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What are Moidams & Why This is in News?

The site, set in the foothills of the Patkai Ranges in Assam, contains the royal necropolis of the Tai-Ahom. Ninety hollow vaults built of brick, stone or earth of different sizes are found within the property. As per a statement on the UNESCO website, for 600 years, the Tai-Ahom created these moidams accentuating the natural topography of hills, forests and water, thus forming a sacred geography. India has 43 of its sites on the list.

A moidam is a tumulus or a mound of earth raised over a grave — of Ahom royalty and aristocracy. In Assam, while Charaideo contains ones of Ahom royals, other moidams of aristocrats and chiefs can be found scattered across the eastern part of the state, between Jorhat and Dibrugarh.

Ahom kings and queens were buried inside these moidams. Unlike Hindus who cremate their dead, the predominant funerary method of the Ahoms, originating from the Tai people, was the burial. The height of a moidam is typically indicative of the power and stature of the person buried inside. However, except for those of Gadhadhar Singha and Rudra Singha, most moidams remain unidentified.

Inside the chambers of the moidam, the dead king would be buried along with items he needed for the “afterlife”, as well as servants, horses, livestock and even their wives. It is the similarity of the Ahom burial rites with that of the ancient Egyptians that give Charaideo moidams the moniker of “Pyramids of Assam.”

About Ahom Dynasty 

Foundation and Geographical Extension: Sukaphaa, a Shan prince of Mong Mao who came to Assam after crossing the Patkai Mountains founded the Ahom dynasty. These are the following geographical extension of Ahom dynasty:

  • Establishment: Ahoms migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from present-day Myanmar in the 13th century.
  • Expansion of territory: In the 16th century, under the rule of Suhungmung, Ahom captured territories of the Chutiya and Koch-hajo kingdoms.
  • Capital: Charaideo (east of Guwahati) was the first capital of the Ahom dynasty
  • Society: Ahom society was divided into clans or khels. A khel often controlled several villages.The peasant was given land by his village community. Even the king could not take it away without the community’s consent. People from heavily populated areas were shifted to less populated areas, thus Ahom clans were broken up.
  • Political Scenario: Suppression of Older Political Systems: Ahom created a new state by suppressing the older political system of the bhuiyans (landlords). Ahom state depended upon forced labourers called Paiks. A census of the population was taken. Each village had to send several paiks by rotation.
  • Administration: By first half of seventeenth century administration became quite centralised. The king was assisted by a council of ministers referred to as Patra Mantris. The foremost Patra Mantris were the Great Gohains (the Buragohain, Borgohain and Barpatragohain).
  • Economy: There were very few castes of artisans. Hence, artisans in the Ahom areas came from the adjoining kingdoms. The Ahoms also introduced new methods of rice cultivation.
  • Military Might: Almost all adult males served in the army during war. Deployment of spies to monitor enemy movements and utilization of guerrilla warfare tactics was also used. A class of officials known as Kataki acted as messengers in the enemy camp. The Navy constituted the most important and powerful force within the Ahom military system. The military division included an elephant cavalry, commanded by an officer named Hatibaruah.
  • Burial System: Charaideo Maidams are mounds containing remains of royalty of the Ahom dynasty. Mounds are located along the foothills of the Patkai range. Lachit Maidam: It has remains of Lachit Barphukan. It was built in 1772 by Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha at Hoolungapara near Jorhat.

How Ahom Dynasty Ended

The rule of this dynasty ended with the Burmese invasion of Assam and the subsequent annexation by the British East India Company following the Treaty of Yandaboo in 1826.

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Way Forward

There is a need for a concerted effort to preserve these sites as UNESCO World Heritage Sites do matter when it comes to overall prosperity of a nation.

  • Preservation of Culture and History: World Heritage Sites are a way of preserving our history and culture. They tell the stories of our ancestors, their way of life, and their achievements. For instance, the ancient city of Petra in Jordan showcases incredible architecture carved into rock over 2,000 years ago.
  • Conservation of Environment: Natural World Heritage Sites protect some of the most unique and beautiful places on Earth. They help conserve the biodiversity and ecosystems that are vital for our planet. The Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, for example, protects a vast array of wildlife and is crucial for scientific research and ecological health.
  • Educational Importance: These sites serve as open-air classrooms, teaching us about the past, the environment, and the need for preservation. They inspire curiosity and learning in people of all ages.
  • Beneficial for Economy and Tourism Sector: Heritage sites attract millions of tourists each year, which can significantly boost local economies. However, it’s essential to balance tourism with conservation to ensure these sites remain intact for future generations.
  • International Cooperation: The World Heritage program encourages countries to work together to protect these irreplaceable sites. This fosters international collaboration and peace, as nations unite to preserve our shared heritage.

Conclusion

UNESCO World Heritage Sites are treasures of humanity. They connect us to our past, enrich our present, and inspire us for the future. Whether it’s an ancient ruin, a stunning natural landscape, or a place where culture and nature intertwine, these sites are worth exploring and protecting.

UPSC Practice Questions

Q1. UNESCO has played a very significant role in the preservation of the rich cultural & biological heritage of the world. Elaborate. 

Q2. Evaluate the arguments in favor of and against the implementation of domicile-based reservations in private sector jobs. How can states balance local employment generation with preserving national integration? 

Q3. Examine the role of skill development programs mandated by domicile-based reservation laws in addressing employment challenges. How effective are such provisions likely to be?

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