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Home / UPSC Editorials / Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

New Rules Under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act | UPSC Editorials

Last Updated on Nov 16, 2024
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The recent notification by the Union Environment Ministry concerning the new rules under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 2024 heralds a very important change in the Indian landscape of environmental regulation. In this regard, the new rules, technically entitled as the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024, come into effect in view of amendments that were made earlier this year when offenses related to the Water Act were decriminalized and replaced with a system of penalties.

Analysis based on 

Editorial Rules under new Water Act notified: How inquiry and penalties process will work published in The New Indian Express on November 12th, 2024

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), Water Pollution, Namami Gange, National River Conservation Plan

Topics for UPSC Mains

Environmental Legislation in India, Impact of Water Pollution, National Mission for Clean Ganga, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

About the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is a comprehensive legislation taken up by India to prevent and control water pollution while maintaining as well as restoring the wholesome character of water. Enacted by the Parliament, the act established the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) with the required powers to oversee, control, and prevent water pollution. The act also further imposes specific standards in the issuance of pollutants in water bodies as the industries are first required to obtain consent from the respective pollution control boards before their operations. It further provides a legal process to address issues relating to water pollution so that it becomes relevant in the general efforts of a country towards protecting and managing its water resources effectively.

Read the article on the Ganga Action Plan!

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Objectives of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024

The main objective of the newly notified rules is to simplify inquiries and consequential penalties to be meted out through the Water Act. This will create an efficient and less contentious compliance environment by turning criminal penalties to monetary fines. In that regard, these rules aim at the following objectives:

  • It aims at a stringent enforceable mechanism regarding pollution control.
  • It intends to make legal processes of environmental violation simpler.
  • Provide for clear procedure of adjudication and imposition of penalty.
  • Enhance responsibility from industry and individuals to abide by the water pollution norms.
  • Structured imposition of penalty and the administrative process should encourage voluntary compliance.

Role of the Union Environment Ministry under the 2024 Water Act Rules

The new rules under the Water Act, 2024, have a very important role as implemented and enforced by the Union Environment Ministry. Important responsibilities include:

  • Notification and Monitoring: The Ministry must notify the provisions and adequately ensure that they are followed in all corners of the country.
  • Appointment of Adjudicating Officers: The Ministry is authorized to appoint officers to adjudicate the offense and ensure that such an offense is done by a qualified person who shall not be less than the rank of a joint secretary or secretary to the state government.
  • Coordination with Pollution Control Boards and Committees: This ministry coordinates Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Boards, Pollution Control Committees, and Integrated Regional Offices effectively for the smooth compliance and enforcement of rules.

Read the article on the National Ganga Council (NGC)!

Potential Implications of the New Rules on Industries Involved in Activities Affecting Water Resources

These regulations will have widespread effects on many of the industries. Most of the consequences include:

  • Increased Compliance Cost: The strict regulations regarding water pollution set by the Act would entail more increased costs for industries as regards ensuring compliance with such regulations.
  • Enhanced Accountability: The penalty system is extremely transparent and has structures. Therefore, it increases accountability among the industries as regards water pollution and results in fewer cases of water pollution.
  • Administrative Efficiency: This shift from criminal procedures to administrative sanctions would ensure that the cases of violations are cleared in the shortest possible time span, taking a hassle off the judiciary and making the act of enforcement more efficient.
  • Promotion of De-Regulation: When heavy fines are threatened, industries will perhaps encourage self-regulatory approaches to avoid fines.
  • Influence on Small Sector Enterprises: The regulations exempting non-polluting 'white' category industries from obtaining prior permissions aim at facilitating ease of doing business for small sector enterprises while placing the larger-sized, potentially polluting industries under closer vigil.

Read the article on River Rejuvenation!

Major Causes of Water Pollution in India

Understanding why and how water pollution occurs is critical to appreciate the impact of these regulations. Key contributors to water pollution in India include:

  • This pollution is caused mostly by industrial discharges from industries where effluents are just left to find their way into water bodies, sometimes unhampered.
  • Agricultural runoff also causes water pollution, as the pesticides and fertilizers used in farms enhance runoff, which contaminates water sources.
  • Untreated sewage channeled through rivers and lakes as a result of inadequate sewage treatment facilities in urban areas also causes water pollution.
  • The other major cause of water pollution is plastic waste. Mismanagement of plastics results in water pollution affecting both aquatic and freshwater ecosystems.
  • Mining operations are generally associated with the release of harmful chemicals to the nearby streams and rivers.

Read the article on the Interlinking of Rivers!

Impacts of Water Pollution

The implications of water pollution are widespread, hence proving severe and destroying public health, ecosystems, and the economy.

  • Public Health: Contaminated water causes water-borne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid, thereby causing heavy health problems in the public.
  • Ecosystem Impacts: Contamination leads to the degradation of aquatic life, and results in loss of biodiversity with damage in the ecosystem.
  • Economic Costs: Health cost, morbidity in the loss of working hours, and purging the polluted sources of water are all part of the economic cost.
  • Diminished Access to Clean Water: Pollution reduces the accesses of clean water for drinking, farming, and industries while increasing difficulties concerning water scarcity.

Measures Taken by the Indian Government to Control Water Pollution

The Indian government has taken up a number of initiatives to curb water pollution over the years:

  • Regulatory Framework: Establishment of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and its various amendments to provide a legal framework for controlling water pollution.
  • National River Conservation Plan (NRCP): It has focussed its vision on bringing down the level of pollution in important rivers through a project like sewage interception, water processing, and public awareness.
  • Ganga Action Plan (GAP): Initiatives directed particularly at the Ganga River to bring down the level of pollution through infrastructure projects and participation of people.
  • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Clean India Mission - The overall campaign aims to improve sanitation, thereby reducing pollution in all water bodies.
  • Namami Gange Programme: An integrated conservation mission for rejuvenation of the Ganga River with infrastructure development, pollution abatement measures, and public outreach.
  • Pollution Control Boards: Strengthening of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to monitor and check the pollution levels.
  • Promotion of Sustainable Practices: Advocate industries to employ cleaner technologies and apply sustainable practices that cause minimum damage to the environment.

Read the article on the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA)!

Conclusion

The recent notification by the Union Environment Ministry of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024 is a proactive step towards stronger reinforcement in the area of water pollution control measures in India. By changing its enforcer from one that is inherently criminal to one based on penalty, the government aims to enhance compliance in its regulatory processes and hold people accountable. With this change in regulation and the controls on water pollution now in place and being implemented presently and in the future, the greatest challenge the country faces will be better met. As India struggles with the complexities of industrialization and environmental conservation, these new rules may prove critical in ensuring that its precious water resources will remain in good health for generations to come.

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UPSC Previous Year Questions

Year

Question

2020

What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India for water conservation and water security?

UPSC Practice Questions

Discuss the significance of the amendments made to the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, in 2024. How does the decriminalization of offences and the introduction of penalties alter the enforcement landscape? Provide a critical analysis.

Examine the potential impacts of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024, on industrial compliance and water pollution control in India. What are the benefits and challenges associated with this regulatory shift?

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