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Home / UPSC Editorials / DANA or Cold Drop

DANA or Cold Drop: Meaning & its Contribution to Flash Floods | UPSC Editorials

Last Updated on Nov 04, 2024
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In the past years, Spain has been under the firm grip of a certain kind of weather phenomenon called DANA, which causes severe flash flooding that wreaks havoc nationwide, especially in the country's southern and eastern portions. The effects of those flash floods have been appalling, especially from the events the past few days wherein even entire towns and villages went underwater, causing tremendous life and property loss.

Analysis based on 

Editorial What is DANA, the weather pattern which caused flash floods in Spain? published in The Indian Express on October 31st, 2024

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Cyclones, anticyclones, atmospheric disturbances, Ocean currents, Climate change and global warming

Topics for UPSC Mains

Monsoons, Climate Change, Disaster Management

What is Flash Flooding?

Flash floods are sudden, intense, and short-term floods that occur due to heavy rainfall within a short period. They normally occur within six hours of the causative rainstorm and often strike without warning, which is one of the reasons why flash floods are so deadly. Flash floods are known to be highly energetic and have great force with the ability to uproot trees, destroy buildings, and carry away vehicles in their paths.

Various events have been the causes of flash floods including heavy and prolonged rainfall as well as fast melting of snow in mountainous areas, and even bursting of dams and failure of flood defenses, hence making cases in densely populated towns worsened with improper drainage systems leading to grounds on which it rains.

Reasons for Flash Floods

Flash floods mainly result from intense precipitation within a short time, thus overloading the natural and artificial drainage systems. In countries like Spain, certain regions are more prone due to topographic, meteorological, and hydrological conditions. The factors include:

  • Heavy Rainfall: Sudden, high-intensity downpours are the main cause of flash flooding, which overwhelms the local watersheds, leading to rapid water accumulation.
  • Geography: Flowing water over hills and mountains has a potential chance of channelization, therefore, the runoff volume is hastened.
  • Urbanization: An urban area with concrete and asphalt impermeable surfaces enhances runoff and reduces absorption of natural rainfall.
  • Soil Saturation: Places whose soils are saturated due to previous rains are most prone since the added water cannot be absorbed.
  • Weather Phenomena: Such events as DANA cause very much the occurrence of flash floods due to intense and concentrated rainfall over short durations.

Read the article on the Causes and Examples of Major Flash Floods in India!

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What is DANA or Cold Drop?

DANA stands for "depresión aislada en niveles altos," but commonly referred to as 'gota fría' or cold drop. It is one form of meteorological phenomenon quite popular in Spain. It is brought about by the sinking of a pool of cold air from the polar jet stream over the warmer waters of the Mediterranean Sea, leading to great atmospheric instability. Under this instability, there is speedy ascent of moist, warm air, which eventually develops into dense cumulonimbus clouds that may open their sluices for torrential rains.

The polar jet stream is a fast-moving wind current at high levels of the troposphere forming a boundary between cold polar air and warm tropical air. Detachment of a portion of this cold air mass into interaction with the warmer surface of the Mediterranean causes DANA to form. DANA tends to be found during transition periods in western Mediterranean regions, namely during autumn and spring.

Read the article on the South Asian Flash Flood Guidance System!

How Does DANA Contribute to Flash Floods?

The development of DANA forms the source of flash flooding as it is experienced in Spain. Polar cold air in contact with warm Mediterranean water produces extremely intense weather phenomena, characterized by heavy rainfalls. The two main processes by which DANA contributes to the occurrence of flash floods are:

  • Rapid Saturation: DANA-caused rains saturate the ground very fast, and thus natural absorption cannot catch up, hence resulting in runoff almost instantly.
  • Abrupt Intensity: Rains that accompany DANA tend to be abrupt and intense with flash floods being heavy and taking only hours to form.
  • Expanded Geographic Area: If DANA began along the coast, this is happening so fast inland that even metropolitan cities like Madrid often feel these intense, short-lived rains that they rarely do.
  • Increased Rainfall Volume: Given the increased amount of water contained in the warm air, DANA now brings much heavier volumes of rainfall, increasing the severity of flash flooding significantly.

Read the article on Urban Flooding in India!

Impact of DANA-Induced Flash Floods

Flash flooding triggered by DANA has been severely destructive. The impact was socially devastating and economically very costly besides environmental damage.

  • Loss of Life and Property: The floods caused by DANA led to the loss of numerous lives and destroyed houses, industries, and infrastructure. So far, at least 64 persons have lost their lives and extensive damage has occurred during the recent floods in Valencia and Andalusia.
  • Economic Loss: The cost of rebuilding and rehabilitation after such an occurrence is enormous. Agricultural lands that are a vital part of Spain's economy suffer considerable damage, which affects the crop yield and the very livelihoods.
  • Disruption of Services: Floods often disrupt essential services such as water supply, electricity, and transportation, leading to widespread inconvenience and health risk.
  • Environmental Degradation: The soil erosion, loss of vegetation, and degradation of natural habitats can be brought about by flash floods. The increased runoff can also cause pollution and sedimentation in rivers and coastal areas.

Read the article on Floods in India!

Measures to Mitigate the Impacts of Flash Floods Caused by Cold Drops

To mitigate the impacts of flash floods caused by DANA, both structural and non-structural measures are necessary.

  • Improved Forecasting and Early Warning Systems: Better predictive models, improved forecasting, better predictive models to give earlier warnings of the possible DANA event, and dissemination to the public and appropriate agencies must be in place.
  • Improved Drainage Infrastructure: Green infrastructure, permeable pavements, and retention basins can help prevent urban flash floods through improvement of the urban drainage infrastructure to accommodate higher water volume.
  • Zoning and Land Use Planning: Proper land use planning can be used as an effective measure to minimize floods. This includes avoiding human development in flood-prone areas and using flood-proof designs in construction.
  • Public Education and Preparedness: Public education programs can sensitize the public about flash floods and the measures taken to be adopted during the incident. Regular drills for an emergency response and preparedness plans should be conducted.
  • Climate Adaptation Strategies: Incorporation of climate adaptation measures within national and local policies can help manage long-term risks arising from climate change. Restoring natural floodplains and increasing the resilience of critical infrastructure would fall under this category.

Read the article on the Glacial Lake Outburst Flood!

Impact of Climate Change and Global Warming on DANA

The more frequent and intense DANA events in Spain and the consequent flash floods are associated with the total impacts of climate change and global warming. Global temperature increases have also brought forth several changes that make DANA events severe:

  • Warm Air and High Humidity: Warm air can hold more moisture, thus increasing the quantity and duration of rainfall associated with a DANA event.
  • Higher Sea Surface Temperatures: So far, the highest Mediterranean Sea temperatures have been recorded, meaning that there will be a higher amount of energy from the heat that the storm needs to increase its rainfall.
  • Tropicalization of the Jet Stream Pattern: Climate change would mean the polar jet stream becomes wobblier, thus allowing it to split. Then, the probability for developing cold air pockets that make DANA increases.
  • An increase in the severity of weather events: General trends show that weather patterns become more extreme, including more intense rainstorms that sometimes lead to flash floods.

Read the article on Flood Disaster Management!

Conclusion

In short, the phenomenon of DANA or cold drop, historically a seasonal event in Spain, has gained more intensity and frequency factors primarily based on climate change. The flash flood risk management tackles man-made and natural risks; its mechanics will be understood, its impact mitigated, and change in climate adapted to. Hence, at this point in time, even more urgent is the understanding of its interconnectedness with local weather and global climate dynamics as it is being experienced that such challenges should be put into comprehensive and coordinated efforts.

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UPSC Practice Questions

Discuss the phenomenon of DANA (Depresión Aislada en Niveles Altos) and its contribution to flash floods. Analyze the role of climate change in exacerbating the frequency and intensity of DANA events.

Examine the socio-economic and environmental impacts of DANA-induced flash floods. What measures can be implemented to mitigate these impacts and enhance resilience against such extreme weather events?

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