Formation of soil is known as ____________.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e, Pedogenesis.

Formation of soil is known as Pedogenesis.

• Pedogenesis is the process of formation of soil regulated by the influence of place, environment and history.
• Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms which supports life.
• The Pedosphere is the Earth's body of soil.
• The Pedosphere interfaces with the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere.
• It has four important functions:

1. As a means of water storage, supply and purification.
2. As a medium for plant growth.
3. As a modifier of Earth's atmosphere.
4. As a habitat for organisms.

• A layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock is known as Regolith.
• Environmental pollution and pollutants originating by human activity are known as Anthropogenic.