Which of the following is a limitation of Millman’s theorem? 

Concept:

Millman theorem:

Millman's theorem is a method used in electrical circuit analysis to simplify complex circuits containing multiple voltage sources. It is particularly useful for circuits with parallel branches. The theorem states that the voltage at the terminals of a parallel combination of voltage sources can be calculated by finding the weighted average of individual voltages, where the weights are the conductances (reciprocal of resistances) of the branches.
Explanation:

• The correct answer is 4) "Applicable if the circuit has no resistance between the independent sources."
• Millman's theorem is a technique used to simplify complex circuits with multiple voltage sources.
• However, it assumes that there is no resistance between the independent sources.
• In real-world circuits, this limitation may be restrictive, as resistances between independent sources can exist. Millman's theorem is most effective when applied to circuits with ideal voltage sources directly connected, and it may provide inaccurate results if there are resistances in the paths between the independent sources, making option 4 the correct limitation.