Question
Download Solution PDFAccording to the direct and indirect theories of attention, which of the following can be influenced by prior knowledge and expectations?
A. Top-down processing
B. Bottom-up processing
C. Endogenous attention
D. Exogenous attention
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : A and C Only
Detailed Solution
Download Solution PDFThe correct answer is 'A and C Only'
Key Points
- Top-down processing:
- This type of processing is heavily influenced by prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
- It involves using pre-existing knowledge to interpret sensory information, making it an essential component of cognitive functions like attention.
- For example, if you expect to find a friend in a crowded place, your attention is directed by this expectation, making it easier to spot them.
- Endogenous attention:
- This is a voluntary form of attention where individuals use internal goals, knowledge, and expectations to focus their attention.
- It is goal-directed and often involves conscious effort to concentrate on specific tasks or stimuli based on prior knowledge.
- For instance, when reading a book, you focus on the text rather than the surrounding environment because of your intention to read and understand the content.
Additional Information
- Bottom-up processing:
- This type of processing is data-driven and not influenced by prior knowledge or expectations.
- It involves building up perceptions from individual sensory details and is more automatic and less reliant on cognitive factors.
- Exogenous attention:
- This is an involuntary form of attention driven by external stimuli rather than internal goals or expectations.
- It is automatic and often triggered by sudden or salient stimuli in the environment, such as a loud noise or bright light.