According to the direct and indirect theories of attention, which of the following can be influenced by prior knowledge and expectations?

A. Top-down processing

B. Bottom-up processing

C. Sensory processing

D. Cognitive control

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

The correct answer is A and D Only.

Key Points

• Top-down processing:
  • This type of processing is influenced by prior knowledge, expectations, and experiences. It involves higher-level cognitive processes that interpret sensory information based on what is already known.
  • For example, when reading messy handwriting, our understanding of the context helps us decipher the words.
• Cognitive control:
  • Cognitive control, also known as executive function, involves the regulation of thought processes to achieve specific goals and is influenced by prior knowledge and expectations.
  • It includes processes such as attention, working memory, and inhibitory control, all of which are guided by prior experiences and knowledge.

Additional Information

• Bottom-up processing:
  • This type of processing is data-driven and begins with sensory input, building up to the perception of the whole. It is not influenced by prior knowledge or expectations.
  • For instance, recognizing a shape purely based on the visual stimuli without any preconceived notion.
• Sensory processing:
  • Sensory processing involves the initial stages of detecting and encoding sensory information from the environment.
  • This process is primarily bottom-up and not directly influenced by higher-level cognitive processes or prior knowledge.