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Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Many archaeologists assume that large-scale engineering projects in ancient societies required an elite class to plan and direct the necessary labor. However, recent discoveries, such as the excavation of an ancient canal near the Gulf Coast of Alabama, have complicated this picture. Using radiocarbon dating, a team of researchers concluded that the 1.39-kilometer-long canal was most likely constructed between 576 and 650 CE by an Indigenous society that was relatively free of social classes.

  1. It describes a common view among archaeologists, then discusses a recent finding that challenges that view.
  2. It outlines a method used in some archaeological fieldwork, then explains why an alternative method is superior to it.
  3. It presents contradictory conclusions drawn by archaeologists, then evaluates a study that has apparently resolved that contradiction.
  4. It identifies a gap in scientific research, then presents a strategy used by some archaeologists to remedy that gap.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : It describes a common view among archaeologists, then discusses a recent finding that challenges that view.

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Choice A is the best answer. The text starts by introducing a common view among archaeologists about the need for an elite class to direct large-scale engineering projects. Then, it discusses the discovery of a large canal most likely built by a society without an elite class, which challenges the first view. Choice B is incorrect. Although the text discusses carbon dating as an archaeological method, it doesn't compare it to any other alternative methods. Choice C is incorrect. The study doesn't resolve any contradictions-rather, it introduces a contradiction to the one view presented at the beginning of the text. Choice D is incorrect. The text never identifies any gaps in scientific research.
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More Inferences Questions

Q1.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? In assessing the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, ______blank have missed his equally deep engagement with Japanese artistic traditions such as Noh theater.
Q2.Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Many archaeologists assume that large-scale engineering projects in ancient societies required an elite class to plan and direct the necessary labor. However, recent discoveries, such as the excavation of an ancient canal near the Gulf Coast of Alabama, have complicated this picture. Using radiocarbon dating, a team of researchers concluded that the 1.39-kilometer-long canal was most likely constructed between 576 and 650 CE by an Indigenous society that was relatively free of social classes.
Q3.Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Michelene Pesantubbee, a historian and citizen of the Choctaw Nation, has identified a dilemma inherent to research on the status of women in her tribe during the 1600s and 1700s: the primary sources from that era, travel narratives and other accounts by male European colonizers, underestimate the degree of power conferred on Choctaw women by their traditional roles in political, civic, and ceremonial life. Pesantubbee argues that the Choctaw oral tradition and findings from archaeological sites in the tribe's homeland supplement the written record by providing crucial insights into those roles.
Q4.Which choice best describes the function of the third sentence in the overall structure of the text? The mimosa tree evolved in East Asia, where the beetle Bruchidius terrenus preys on its seeds. In 1785, mimosa trees were introduced to North America, far from any B. terrenus. But evolutionary links between predators and their prey can persist across centuries and continents. Around 2001, B. terrenus was introduced in southeastern North America near where botanist Shu-Mei Chang and colleagues had been monitoring mimosa trees. Within a year, 93 percent of the trees had been attacked by the beetles.
Q5.As used in the text, what does the word 'simply' most nearly mean? The following text is adapted from Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. 'The second thing is to find my way into that lovely garden. I think that will be the best plan.' It sounded like an excellent plan, no doubt, and very neatly and simply arranged; the only difficulty was, that Alice had not the smallest idea how to set about it.
Q6.As used in the text, what does the phrase 'a void' most nearly mean? The following text is adapted from Amy Lowell's 1912 poem 'Summer.' It is summer, glorious, deep-toned summer, The very crown of nature's changing year When all her surging life is at its full. To me alone it is a time of pause, A void and silent space between two worlds, When inspiration lags, and feeling sleeps, Gathering strength for efforts yet to come.
Q7.As used in the text, what does the word 'marked' most nearly mean? The following text is from Booth Tarkington's 1921 novel Alice Adams. Mrs. Adams had always been fond of vases, she said, and every year her husband's Christmas present to her was a vase of one sort or another-whatever the clerk showed him, marked at about twelve or fourteen dollars.
Q8.As used in the text, what does the word 'rough' most nearly mean? The following text is from Frances Hodgson Burnett's 1911 novel The Secret Garden. Mary, a young girl, is outside trying her new jump rope. The sun was shining and a little wind was blowing-not a rough wind, but one which came in delightful little gusts and brought a fresh scent of newly turned earth with it. She skipped round the fountain garden, and up one walk and down another.
Q9.As used in the text, what does the word 'answers' most nearly mean? The following text is adapted from Karel Čapek's 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), translated by Paul Selver and Nigel Playfair in 1923. Fabry and Busman are telling Miss Glory why their company manufactures robots. FABRY: One Robot can replace two and a half workmen. The human machine, Miss Glory, was terribly imperfect. It had to be removed sooner or later. BUSMAN: It was too expensive. FABRY: It was not effective. It no longer answers the requirements of modern engineering. Nature has no idea of keeping pace with modern labor.
Q10.As used in the text, what does the word 'suggestion' most nearly mean? The following text is adapted from Sadakichi Hartmann's 1894 short story 'Magnolia Blossoms.' The narrator is standing on the deck of a boat. What a night it was! My soul had left its body to lose itself in the wild unrestrained beauty around me-from where it came-and only left a trembling suggestion of its existence within me. The other passengers moved around me like shadows, and again and again my eyes drank in all the glory and wealth of that night.

More Information and Ideas Questions

Q1.Which of the following two countries have launched Hydrogen Task Force to help scale up technologies to produce hydrogen from renewable energy and fossil fuel sources?
Q2.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? In assessing the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, ______blank have missed his equally deep engagement with Japanese artistic traditions such as Noh theater.
Q3.Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Many archaeologists assume that large-scale engineering projects in ancient societies required an elite class to plan and direct the necessary labor. However, recent discoveries, such as the excavation of an ancient canal near the Gulf Coast of Alabama, have complicated this picture. Using radiocarbon dating, a team of researchers concluded that the 1.39-kilometer-long canal was most likely constructed between 576 and 650 CE by an Indigenous society that was relatively free of social classes.
Q4.Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? Michelene Pesantubbee, a historian and citizen of the Choctaw Nation, has identified a dilemma inherent to research on the status of women in her tribe during the 1600s and 1700s: the primary sources from that era, travel narratives and other accounts by male European colonizers, underestimate the degree of power conferred on Choctaw women by their traditional roles in political, civic, and ceremonial life. Pesantubbee argues that the Choctaw oral tradition and findings from archaeological sites in the tribe's homeland supplement the written record by providing crucial insights into those roles.
Q5.Which choice best describes the function of the third sentence in the overall structure of the text? The mimosa tree evolved in East Asia, where the beetle Bruchidius terrenus preys on its seeds. In 1785, mimosa trees were introduced to North America, far from any B. terrenus. But evolutionary links between predators and their prey can persist across centuries and continents. Around 2001, B. terrenus was introduced in southeastern North America near where botanist Shu-Mei Chang and colleagues had been monitoring mimosa trees. Within a year, 93 percent of the trees had been attacked by the beetles.
Q6.As used in the text, what does the word 'simply' most nearly mean? The following text is adapted from Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. 'The second thing is to find my way into that lovely garden. I think that will be the best plan.' It sounded like an excellent plan, no doubt, and very neatly and simply arranged; the only difficulty was, that Alice had not the smallest idea how to set about it.
Q7.Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? By combining Indigenous and classical music, Cree composer and cellist Cris Derksen creates works that reflect the diverse cultural landscape of Canada. For her album Orchestral Powwow, Derksen composed new songs in the style of traditional powwow music that were accompanied by classical arrangements played by an orchestra. But where an orchestra would normally follow the directions of a conductor, the musicians on Orchestral Powwow are led by the beat of a powwow drum.
Q8.Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell's 1912 short story '‘Out There.'' An elderly shop owner is looking at a picture that he recently acquired and hopes to sell. It did seem that the picture failed to fit in with the rest of the shop. A persuasive young fellow who claimed he was closing out his stock let the old man have it for what he called a song. It was only a little out-of-the-way store which subsisted chiefly on the framing of pictures. The old man looked around at his views of the city, his pictures of cats and dogs, his flaming bits of landscape. 'Don't belong in here,' he fumed. And yet the old man was secretly proud of his acquisition. There was a hidden dignity in his scowling as he shuffled about pondering the least ridiculous place for the picture.
Q9.Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? The following text is adapted from Gwendolyn Bennett's 1926 poem 'Street Lamps in Early Spring.' Night wears a garmentAll velvet soft, all violet blue... And over her face she draws a veilAs shimmering fine as floating dew... And here and thereIn the black of her hairThe subtle hands of NightMove slowly with their gem-starred light.
Q10.As used in the text, what does the phrase 'a void' most nearly mean? The following text is adapted from Amy Lowell's 1912 poem 'Summer.' It is summer, glorious, deep-toned summer, The very crown of nature's changing year When all her surging life is at its full. To me alone it is a time of pause, A void and silent space between two worlds, When inspiration lags, and feeling sleeps, Gathering strength for efforts yet to come.

More Reading and Writing Questions

Q1.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Dr. Rocío Paola Caballero-Gill is a paleoceanographer. This means that Dr. Caballero-Gill doesn't just study oceans as they are today. She uses chemistry and fossil evidence ______blank oceans as they were in the past.
Q2.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? After winning the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln appointed Edward Bates, Salmon P. Chase, and William H. Seward to his cabinet. Lincoln's decision was surprising, since each of these men had run against him, but historians have praised it, noting that Lincoln ______blank his rivals' diverse talents to strengthen his administration.
Q3.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? In her analysis of Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth (1905), scholar Candace Waid observes that the novel depicts the upper classes of New York society as 'consumed by the appetite of a soulless ______blank an apt assessment given that The House of Mirth is set during the Gilded Age, a period marked by rapid industrialization, economic greed, and widening wealth disparities.
Q4.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Joshua Hinson, director of the language revitalization program of the Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma, helped produce the world's first Indigenous-language instructional app, Chickasaw ______blank Chickasaw TV, in 2010; and a Rosetta Stone language course in Chickasaw, in 2015.
Q5.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? With its towering, six-spired exterior of granitelike quartz monzonite, the Salt Lake Temple is one of the most instantly recognizable structures in the state of Utah. However, many people do not know that ______blank built over the course of forty years, with construction beginning in 1853 and ending in 1893.
Q6.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Researchers studying magnetosensation have determined why some soil-dwelling roundworms in the Southern Hemisphere move in the opposite direction of Earth's magnetic field when searching for ______blank in the Northern Hemisphere, the magnetic field points down, into the ground, but in the Southern Hemisphere, it points up, toward the surface and away from worms' food sources.
Q7.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Because a cycle of lunar phases ______blank 29.5 days to complete, it's possible to observe two full moons in a single month, one at the beginning and one at the end.
Q8.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A pioneer in the field of taphonomy (the study of how organic remains become fossils), ______blank may be just as prevalent in the fossil record as those of thick-shelled organisms.
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Q10.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? In 1881, French chemist Camille Faure redesigned the rechargeable lead-acid battery. Faure's design greatly increased the amount of electricity that the original battery, which the French physicist Gaston Planté ______blank fifteen years earlier, could hold.
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