Environment and Human Rights Law MCQ Quiz in తెలుగు - Objective Question with Answer for Environment and Human Rights Law - ముఫ్త్ [PDF] డౌన్‌లోడ్ కరెన్

The correct answer is Entry 13

Key Points

• National Green Tribunal (NGT):
  • The NGT is a specialized body set up under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.
  • The Tribunal is tasked with providing effective and expeditious disposal of cases related to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
  • It was established to fulfill the constitutional mandate under Entry 13 of List I in Schedule VII of the Constitution of India, which pertains to the adjudication of disputes and complaints with respect to environmental issues.

Additional Information

• Other Entries in List I:
  • Entry 12: Deals with Union duties and taxes. It does not pertain to environmental issues.
  • Entry 14: Relates to entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing them. It is not related to environmental adjudication.
  • Entry 15: Covers matters related to insurance, which is unrelated to the establishment of the NGT.

Key Points

• Rio de Janeiro Conference:
  • The Rio de Janeiro Conference, also known as the Earth Summit, was held in 1992.
  • It focused on sustainable development and established principles for the protection and preservation of the environment.
  • One of the key outcomes was the call for states to provide effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy.

Additional Information

• Stockholm Conference:
  • The Stockholm Conference was held in 1972 and was the first major international conference on environmental issues.It focused on the human environment and led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
• Johannesburg Conference:
  • The Johannesburg Conference, also known as the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), was held in 2002.
  • It aimed to assess progress since the Rio Summit and to further the implementation of Agenda 21.
• Kyoto Conference:
  • The Kyoto Conference, held in 1997, resulted in the Kyoto Protocol, which set binding targets for industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • It focused specifically on climate change rather than broader environmental or sustainable development issues.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Human Rights as defined in Section 2(d):
  • Section 2(d) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, defines 'Human Rights' as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
  • This section provides a comprehensive definition that includes various fundamental rights protected by the Constitution of India and international human rights instruments.

Additional Information

• Overview of other options:
  • Section 2(b):
    • This section defines 'Chairperson' in the context of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
    • It is not related to the definition of human rights.
  • Section 2(c):
    • This section defines 'Commission,' referring to the National Human Rights Commission, the State Human Rights Commission, or the Human Rights Courts.
    • It does not define human rights.
  • Section 2(e):
    • This section defines 'International Covenants,' which refers to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations.
    • It is not the section that defines human rights but is relevant to the context of human rights laws and standards.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

1. Article 48-A: Part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, this article specifically directs the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

2. Article 21: Though primarily concerned with the right to life and personal liberty, the Supreme Court of India has interpreted this article to include the right to a healthy environment as a fundamental right.

3. Article 51-A(g): One of the Fundamental Duties, this article imposes a duty on every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

Articles not directly related to environmental protection:

• Article 48: This article is concerned with the organization of agriculture and animal husbandry and includes directives related to cattle.
• Article 51-A(e): This article refers to the duty of every citizen to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, regional, or sectional diversities.

Therefore, the articles directly related to the protection of the environment are B, C, and D. Hence, the correct answer is Option 3: B, C and D only.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

Penalty for Failure to Comply with Orders of Tribunal under Section 26 of the National Green Tribunal Act:

• Introduction:
  • The National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010, establishes the NGT for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources. Section 26 of the Act deals with penalties for failure to comply with orders or awards of the Tribunal.

Additional Information

• Section 26 Overview:

  • Section 26 outlines the penalties for non-compliance with the orders of the NGT.
  • This section aims to ensure that individuals or entities follow the directives issued by the Tribunal to uphold environmental laws and regulations.

• Penalties Specified:

  • The penalties under Section 26 include:
    • Imprisonment up to 3 years: The violator may be sentenced to imprisonment for a term which may extend up to three years.
    • Fine up to Ten Crores: The violator may also be liable to pay a fine which may extend up to ten crore rupees.
    • Both: The Tribunal has the authority to impose both imprisonment and fine on the violator.

 The correct answer is 3) Brundtland Report.

Key Points

• The Brundtland Commission, officially known as the World Commission on Environment & Development (WCED), released "Our Common Future" in 1987, which popularized and defined the term "Sustainable Development."
• The Brundtland Commission was created by the United Nations to suggest measures to protect the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development.
• The mission of the Brundtland Commission is to unite countries to pursue sustainable development together.

Correct Answer: 1) Nagoya ProtocolKey Points

• The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (the Protocol) is a legally binding global agreement that implements the access and benefit-sharing obligations of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• It was adopted by the CBD in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010 and entered into force on October 12, 2014, 90 days after the deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification. 
• It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

Key Points

Correct Answer: 1) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation: The assertion that the ICCPR includes protections for freedom of expression and assembly is correct, as articles 19 and 21 of the ICCPR respectively guarantee these rights. The reason correctly explains why the ICCPR includes such provisions: it is because the ICCPR's aim is to protect civil and political rights at an international level, requiring nations that are parties to the covenant to uphold these rights within their own jurisdiction. Therefore, R provides the correct context and justification for A, making option A the correct answer.

Key Points

Correct Option: 2) Fundamental Duties
Explanation of the Correct Answer:
The statement, to protect and improve the natural environment including forest, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures, is a part of the Fundamental Duties listed in the Indian Constitution.
Specifically, it is enshrined under Article 51A (g).
Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
These duties are not enforceable by the courts for their violation, but the idea is to promote a sense of discipline and commitment among Indian citizens.

Key Points

Correct Answer: Principle of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
The Principle of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) extends the responsibility of the producers beyond the manufacturing process to the post-consumer stage of a product's life cycle. This includes the collection, recycling, and disposal of the product, ensuring that the environmental impact is minimized. EPR encourages producers to design products with minimal environmental impacts and take back used products for recycling or proper disposal, effectively implementing the polluter pays principle by making the producer responsible for the environmental costs.
Incorrect Options:
Principle of Good Neighbourliness: This principle generally relates to international relations and the conduct of states towards each other, focusing on mutual respect and non-interference. It does not directly relate to environmental policy or the responsibility for pollution.
Principle of Common Responsibility: While this principle emphasizes the shared responsibility of all stakeholders (including countries, corporations, and individuals) in addressing global challenges, such as environmental protection, it is broader and less specific about the producer's responsibility for managing the lifecycle of products.
Principle of Public Liability: This principle is related to holding entities liable for causing harm or damage to the public or the environment, often through legal mechanisms. It does not specifically address the responsibility of producers for the environmental impacts of their products from production to disposal.
Additional Information

• EPR is a specific application of the polluter pays principle, focusing on the producer's role in managing the environmental impact of their products.
• The other options, while related to environmental protection and responsibility, do not directly embody the concept of the producer's responsibility for the lifecycle impacts of their products as EPR does.