Taxonomy MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Taxonomy - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Key Points

• Taxonomy is the science of classifying plants or animals into groups based on their similar characteristics.
• This science of naming and classifying organisms is a fundamental basis of biology.
• Taxonomy includes classification and nomenclature.
• Classification is the process by which any living organisms are grouped into convenient categories based on their easily observable characteristics.
• Nomenclature is the standardized naming process of living organisms such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over the world.
• The taxonomy of a given group passes through stages, these stages are alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omega taxonomy.

Explanation:

• Only morphological characters are used for the identification and classification of plants in alpha taxonomy.
• Alpha taxonomy is the level at which the species are characterized and named.
• It also refers to the system of finding, identification, characterization, and nomenclature of the Taxons.
• Alpha taxonomy is introduced by William Bertram in a series of papers published by him.

Additional Information

Omega taxonomy- 

• Omega taxonomy is the modern experimental taxonomy.
• It is on the basis of information from branches such as cytology, embryology, ecology, phytochemistry, physiology, etc. in addition to morphology and phylogenetical characters.

Delta taxonomy- 

• Delta taxonomy comprises various computational manners.
• It is a flexible approach to encoding taxonomic descriptions for computer processing.

Beta taxonomy-

• It refers to the arrangement of the species into a natural system of lower and higher categories.

Hence, the correct answer is alpha taxonomy.

Concept:​

• According to the binomial system of nomenclature given by Carl Linnaeus, every scientific name of a plant or an organism consists of a generic name (genus) and a specific name (species).
• To study the different plants and animals with ease, they are classified into different hierarchical groups under this system of classification.
• The classification of plants and animals into different groups falls under taxonomy.
• Taxonomy can be defined as the study of principles, rules, and procedures of classification.
• All living organisms are arranged into different groups based on the similarities and dissimilarities in them.
• These groups are referred to as ranks or categories. All the categories together are referred to as Taxonomic Hierarchy.
• Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species are the compulsory categories in a Taxonomic Hierarchy.
• Sub-order, sub-family, etc. are facultative categories that are used as per need.

Important Points

• KINGDOM:
  • Carl Linnaeus gave the two Kingdom systems - Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia.
  • Using this explanation, Kingdom in Column I will correspond to Plantae in Column II
• ORDER:
  • The suffix 'ales' is used while writing the taxonomic rank Order (while classifying plants).
  • Using this explanation, the rank Order in Column I corresponds to Sapindales in Column II.
• FAMILY:
  • The suffix 'aceae' is used while writing the taxonomic rank Family (while classifying plants).
  • Using this explanation, the rank Family in Column I correspond to Anacardiaceae in Column II.
• GENUS:
  • According to the binomial nomenclature, the generic name is written first and should begin with a capital letter.
  • Using this explanation, Genus in Column I corresponds to Mangifera in Column II.
• SPECIES:
  • ​According to the binomial nomenclature, a species name (specific epithet) comes second and begins with a small letter.
  • Thus, Species in Column I corresponds to indica in Column II.

Explanation:

• Thus from the above explanation, the plant is Mango which has the following hierarchy:
  • Kingdom - Plantae
  • Division - Angiospermae
  • Class - Dicotyledonae
  • Order - Sapindales
  • Family - Anacardiaceae
  • Genus - Mangifera
  • Species - M. indica

The correct answer is Anacardiacea

Explanation:

• Mango (Anacardiaceae): Mango belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, which is a family of flowering plants that includes numerous edible and inedible fruits.
• Wheat (Poaceae): Wheat belongs to the family Poaceae, which is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses.
• Housefly (Muscidae): The housefly belongs to the family Muscidae, which comprises a large group of flies known for their significance in medical and veterinary fields.
• Man (Hominidae): Humans belong to the family Hominidae, commonly known as great apes, which include orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.

The correct answer is both 1 and 2 i.e. the generic name and the specific epithet.

Explanation:

• The process of naming an organism based on scientific rules is known as binomial nomenclature.This naming system given by Carolus Linnaeus.
• In binomial nomenclature, the generic name (or genus name) is capitalized, and the specific epithet (or species name) is lowercase.
• Both are usually italicized (or underlined when handwritten). 
• Binomial nomenclature provides a distinct and proper scientific name to the organism, each consisting of two words, the first generic name and the second specific name, which are derived from the Latin language.
• Scientific names are printed in italics and handwritten name is underlined.
• For example, The scientific name of mango is written as Mangifera indica. In this name Mangifera represents the genus while indica, is a particular species, or a specific epithet.

Other universal rules of nomenclature are as follows:

1. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. They are Latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin.
2. The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component denotes the specific epithet.
3. Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately underlined, or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
4. The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter. It can be illustrated with the example of Mangifera indica.

Concept:

• Taxonomy can be defined as the study of principles, rules, and procedures of classification.
• All living organisms are arranged into different groups based on the similarities and dissimilarities in them.
• These groups are referred to as rank s or categories.
• All the categories together are referred to as Taxonomic Hierarchy.
• Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species are the compulsory categories in a Taxonomic Hierarchy.
• To categorize the plants and animals in different taxonomic ranks, their correct identification and classification are required.
• Several taxonomic aids are used for this purpose.
• Taxonomic aids are a collection of information on the different organisms and preserved specimens that are used in taxonomic studies.
• Some of the taxonomic aids used for studying and identifying different plant and animal species are Herbarium, Botanical Gardens, Museum, Zoological Parks, and Key.

Explanation:

• Botanical Gardens:
  • The botanical garden is an example of Ex situ conservation.
  • A botanical garden consists of a collection of plant species that are collected from different parts of the world.
  • It consists of both endemic and exotic species of plants.
  • The plant species are grown in a protected environment and are used for identification purposes.
  • The plant species in a botanical garden are labeled. The identification plate of each species gives information regarding its common name, scientific name, and taxonomic rank -Family.
  • Examples: Kew (England), Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah (India), and National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India).

• Zoological Parks:
  • A zoological park is an example of Ex situ conservation.
  • A zoological park is a protected area where wild animals are kept under human care.
  • It comprises both endemic and exotic species of animals.
  • Zoological parks are used for studying the food habits and behavior of different animals.
  • The wild animals in zoological parks (zoos) are provided with conditions similar to their natural habitat.
  • Examples:
  1. ​Mysuru Zoo, Karnataka.
  2. San Diego Zoo, United States
  3. Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park, Andhra Pradesh.

So from the above-given information, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is family and species.

Explanation:

The taxonomic hierarchy is a system used to classify and organize living organisms based on their similarities and differences. The major ranks in the taxonomic hierarchy from the broadest to the most specific are as follows:

• Domain (sometimes included)
• Kingdom
• Phylum (or Division for plants, fungi, etc.)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

In a taxonomic hierarchy, the genus is interpolated between the family and species levels.

• Family: A group of related genera (plural of genus).
• Genus: A group of related species.
• Species: The basic unit of classification, representing individuals that can interbreed.

The correct answer is Will decrease

Explanation: 

• As we go higher from species to kingdom, the number of common characteristics goes on decreasing.
• The lower the taxa, more are the characteristics that the members within the taxon share.
• The higher the category, greater is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level. 

Fig: Taxonomic categories showing hierarchial arrangement in ascending order.

Concept:

• Taxonomy can be defined as the study of principles, rules, and procedures of classification.
• All living organisms are arranged into different groups based on the similarities and dissimilarities in them.
• These groups are referred to as rank s or categories.
• All the categories together are referred to as Taxonomic Hierarchy.
• Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species are the compulsory categories in a Taxonomic Hierarchy.
• To categorize the plants and animals in different taxonomic ranks, their correct identification and classification are required.
• Several taxonomic aids are used for this purpose.
• Taxonomic aids are a collection of information on the different organisms and preserved specimens that are used in taxonomic studies.
• Some of the taxonomic aids used for studying and identifying different plant and animal species are Herbarium, Botanical Gardens, Museum, Zoological Parks, and Key.

Explanation:

• Botanical Gardens:
  • The botanical garden is an example of Ex situ conservation.
  • A botanical garden consists of a collection of plant species that are collected from different parts of the world.
  • It consists of both endemic and exotic species of plants.
  • The plant species are grown in a protected environment and are used for identification purposes.
  • The plant species in a botanical garden are labeled. The identification plate of each species gives information regarding its common name, scientific name, and taxonomic rank -Family.
  • Examples: Kew (England), Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah (India), and National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India).

• Zoological Parks:
  • A zoological park is an example of Ex situ conservation.
  • A zoological park is a protected area where wild animals are kept under human care.
  • It comprises both endemic and exotic species of animals.
  • Zoological parks are used for studying the food habits and behavior of different animals.
  • The wild animals in zoological parks (zoos) are provided with conditions similar to their natural habitat.
  • Examples:
  1. ​Mysuru Zoo, Karnataka.
  2. San Diego Zoo, United States
  3. Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park, Andhra Pradesh.

So from the above-given information, the correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• A group of species that theorizes a single common ancestor & all descendants of that ancestor - living or extinct is called a clade.
• A clade is a monophyletic group that is composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants.
• The term clade was coined in 1957 by Julian Huxley.
• Using a phylogeny, it is simple to determine if a group of lineages constitutes a clade.
• Clades are nested within one another, thus they form a nested hierarchy.
• For e.g., the hominoid clade, i.e. the apes and humans, is nested within the primate clade.
• They may include many thousands of species or just a few.

​Explanation:

• Phylogenetic or cladistic analysis is done by grouping organisms into different types of groups:

1. Monophyletic group - 
   • It includes a common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor.
2. Paraphyletic group - 
   • It includes a common ancestor and only some of the descendants.
   • It does not include all the known descendants.
3. Polyphyletic group - 
   • It consists of two or more ancestors.
   • Thus, it includes two or more separate groups, each having a separate common ancestor.

​

Additional Information

Kingdom:

• The kingdom is the highest level of the taxonomic hierarchy.
• There are 5 kingdoms in which the living organisms are classified, namely, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.

Genus:

• The genus comprises a group of closely related species that has more characteristics in common in comparison to species of other genera.
• For e.g., potato and brinjal are two different species but both belong to the genus Solanum.

Family:

• The family has a group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species.
• For e.g., three different genera Solanum, Petunia, and Datura are placed in the family Solanaceae.

Hence, the correct option is (1) clade.

Concept:

• There are numerous types of plants and animals in the living world. The structural and functional unit of life, cells constitute the foundation of the living world.
• With the help of carbon-based and related substances (during metabolism), they have the ability to change their shape and appearance in order to carry out growth and reproductive functions.

Explanation:

Option 1: The definition of biological species was given by Ernst Mayr- CORRECT

• Ernst Mayr defined species as a “group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated”.
• This is the most accepted species concept.

Option 2: Photoperiod does not affect reproduction in plants- INCORRECT

• Photoperiod is the duration of light for which an organism is illuminated with light.
• Plants show different physiological reactions in response to the length of light and dark periods.
• Photoperiod affects reproduction in both plants and animals. In plants, photoperiod affects flowering.

Option 3: Binomial nomenclature system was given by RH Whittaker- INCORRECT

• Binomial nomenclature was given by Carolus Linnaeus. He explained the rules of writing scientific names.
• Five kingdom classification was given by R. H. Whittaker. The five kingdom includes- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Option 4: In unicellular organisms, reproduction is synonymous with growth- CORRECT

• Growth is the characteristic of living organisms.
• Cell division in unicellular organisms is equivalent to reproduction.

So, the correct answer is option 3.