Personality MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Personality - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

According to Allport, personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment. Allport, (1938). This definition has put forward many aspects and let us look at these aspects.

Important Points

Allport categorized the personal dispositions into three groups,

• Cardinal traits
• Central traits
• Secondary traits

1. Cardinal traits: These are central to the individual and these traits manifest themselves in almost all situations and the individual’s very personality.

• A cardinal trait is a trait that is so powerful, pervasive, dominant, and outstanding in life that every behavior seems traceable to its influence. 
• According to Allport, each individual has about 5 to 10 such cardinal traits in them.
• One of these is indeed dominant while others do dominate but do not have the overriding influence on the person’s behavior.
• Through such traits, one can define the personality of the individual concerned. These central traits reveal the structure and organization of personality.

2. Central Traits: Central traits are those traits that are generally listed in a carefully written letter of recommendation. In fact, any trait name like friendliness, dominance, self-centeredness would be an example of a central trait. 

3. Secondary Traits: Secondary traits are traits that are less conspicuous, less consistent, less generalized, and less relevant to the definition of personality. For example, food habits, hairstyles, and specific attitudes are examples of secondary traits.

Hence, we can conclude that all of the above are personality traits proposed by psychologist Allport.

Personality is developed from the Latin word- Persona. persona means which means mask. which can be referred to as the public image of one's personality. Personality is individual differences in characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Many psychologists gave definitions of personality according to their understanding.

Important Points

• According to Eysenck:- personality is sum total of the actual or potential behavior patterns of an organism as determined by heredity or environment. It originates and develops through functional interaction of 4 main sectors:- intelligence, character, temperament, constitution.
• According to C.G. Jung:- theory of personality has 8 personality types based on opposing attitudes of introversion or extroversion.
• According to Alfred Adler:- individuals can control their fate by trying to help others. social interaction help to determine inferiority and superiority in life. 
• According to G.W. Allport- personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the environments.

So, the right answer is Eysenck.

​Functional Autonomy of Motives

• Allport called this concept of functional autonomy.
• His approach favored emphasis on the problems of the adult personality rather than on those of infantile emotions and experiences.
• In Becoming (1955) he stressed the importance of self and the
• Allport was one of the first researchers to draw a distinction between Motive and Drive.
• The idea that drives can become independent of the original motives for a given behavior is known as functional autonomy. 

Mcdougal

• William McDougall FRS was an early 20th-century psychologist 
• McDougall gave the theory of instincts.
• According to the instinct theory of motivation, all organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive.
• This theory suggests that instincts drive all behaviors.

Atkinson

• Atkinson gave  Theory of Achievement Motivation
• Achievement Theory of Motivation is all about how the needs of an individual change over a period of time with changes in his experience.
• The theory also explains what affects an individual's need for achievement, power, and affiliation have on their behavior.

Maslow

• Maslow gave a hierarchy of need
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of psychology explaining human motivation.

Therefore, Allport developed the concept of ‘Functional Autonomy of Motives.

Personality Dynamics are the mechanisms by which personality is expressed. Each individual has a different personality which is formed throughout life.

The nature and character of one's personality are following;

• Motivations, personality is influenced by motivations. Motivations are the underlying reasons or causing factors that drive the person to act in certain ways.
• Humans are able to distinguish how their experiences or previous knowledge affects their future decisions, actions, and reactions and accordingly they build their behavior. Therefore, Human behavior does not occur randomly.
• The beliefs, traditions, and even the language that the person holds greatly shaped his personality.
• The previous knowledge that the person holds is largely determined by the culture in which the person belongs. So, Man's behavior is conditioned by his individual racial history and aspiration
• Personality is not something innate to the individual. Personality is not solely determined by genetics and personality could change over time. It is up to one's creative self how he or she gives meaning to life.

​Therefore option 1 is correct.

Personality refers to the organized, consistent, and general pattern of the behavior of a person. It describes the totality of unique traits that form an individual's character.

Important Points

Factors influencing the development of personality are:

1. Hereditary Factors: It includes all the factors that we inherit from our parents. It defines the broad limits of our personality. Hereditary factors include the following:

1. Physical Health: Our physical traits are mostly received in inheritance. It includes traits such as height, complexion, the composition of the body, etc.
2. Endocrine System: An individual’s glandular system affects personality and behavior to a great extent. These glands are of two types – endocrine and exocrine glands. The endocrine glands are further divided into – Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid, Pancreas, and Sex gland.
3. Nervous System: An individual who has a more complex and developed nervous system has advanced intellectual abilities.

2. Environmental Factors: An environment whether conducive or non-conducive also affects the personality. These are further divided into:

1. Social Factors: Since humans are social animals, the various social institutions such as family, school, marriage, religion, friends, and relatives have a huge impact on the development of our personality.
2. Cultural Factors: These include customs, traditions, fashions, trends, folks, and mores. Also, includes the various child-rearing practices in different cultures.
3. Economic Factors: The socio-economic factors affect our attitude and perception and our personality.

Hence, we can conclude that all of the factors mentioned in the options are correct.

Personality refers to the distinctive attributes of a person that characterize him or her. It is to understand what makes people unique and different from each other. According to American Psychological Association, “Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.” 

Important PointsCarl Jung also developed a theory of personality. His theory is one of the type theories of personality, as it involved typology of introversion and extroversion.

Jung (1923) described:

• Extroverts as preferring to engage with the outside world of objects, sensory perception, and action. The type of personality of a person expressing his Libido outward is Extrovert Personality.
• Introverts he described as being more focused on the internal world of reflection, are thoughtful and insightful. The type of personality of a person expressing his Libido inward is the Introvert Personality.

​ Key PointsTheory of the Libido: Jung (1948) disagreed with Freud regarding the role of sexuality. He believed the libido was not just sexual energy, but instead generalized psychic energy. For Jung, the purpose of psychic energy was to motivate the individual in a number of important ways, including spiritually, intellectually, and creatively. It was also an individual's motivational source for seeking pleasure and reducing conflict.

Additional Information

• Cognitive theories of personality focus on the processes of information encoding and retrieval, and the role of expectations, motives, goals, and beliefs in the development of stable personality characteristics. This approach differs from personality theories that emphasize either the conditions within which personality develops (e.g., behavioral theories) or the trait structures that are revealed in those various conditions (e.g., evolutionary and trait theories).
• Aesthetic Personality: Psychological aesthetics has primarily focused on one aspect of the aesthetic experience in the form of liking, pleasure, and preference. Aesthetics associations with personality.
• Religious Personality: It is not an independent personality trait.

So, Extroverts as preferring to engage with the outside world of objects, sensory perception, and action. The type of personality of a person expressing his Libido outward is Extrovert Personality.

Common trait

• The personality theory of Gordon W. Allport
• Any of a number of enduring characteristics that describe or determine an individual's behavior across a variety of situations and that are common to many people and similarly expressed.
• Each person has between 5 and 10 central traits. 
• They're present to varying degrees in each person. 
• Common traits, such as assertiveness, thus serve as a basis for comparison of one person to another and are distinct from personal dispositions.
• common traits such as intelligence, shyness, and honesty.

Source trait

• Source Traits are the building blocks or sources of human personality.
• Cattell believed there are 16 of these source traits. 
• source traits, are (A) Warmth, (B) Reasoning, (C) Emotional stability, (E) Dominance, (F) Liveliness, (G) Rule-Consciousness, (H) Social boldness, (I) Sensitivity, (K) Sensitivity, (L) Vigilance, (M) Abstractedness, (N) Privateness, (O) Apprehension, (Q1) Openness to change
• Source traits must be inferred through statistical techniques, such as factor analysis, 
• According to Cattell, source traits can be considered the “building blocks” of personality and are responsible for the surface traits seen in individuals.

Unique trait

• Any of a number of enduring characteristics that describe or determine an individual's behavior across a variety of situations and that are unique in them and not similarly expressed by others.

Surface traits

• A surface trait is comprised of the source traits that can be observed in an individual and are easily observable and common clusters of behavior.
• Cattell considered source traits to be more influential than surface traits in studying personality.
• Surface traits are personality elements that can be directly observed, in contrast to source traits, which must be inferred through statistical methods.
• One way to think about surface traits is that since they are at the “surface” of an individual’s personality, their behavioral expression can be more easily noticed by others.

Therefore,  Surface traits can be observed directly in the behavior of an individual 

Reliability and validity are central issues in all measurements. Both concern connecting measures to constructs. Reliability and validity are salient because constructs are often ambiguous, diffused, and not directly observable. Perfect reliability and validity are virtually very difficult to achieve.

• Both ideas help to establish the truthfulness, credibility, or believability of findings
• Validity is an index of validity shows the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure when compared with accepted criteria.
• Key Points

Face validity: Face validity refers to what appears to measure superficially. It depends on the judgment of the researcher. Each question is scrutinized and modified until the researcher is satisfied that it is an accurate measure of the desired construct.​

• Pertains to how well a test evaluates what it was designed to evaluate just by looking at it.
• It's the most basic and informal type of validity.
• In the option "do the assessment items appear to be appropriate? ", face validity is employed since an individual can answer this question simply by glancing at the test.

Thus, it can be inferred that "do the assessment items appear to be appropriate ?" refers to face validity. 

Additional Information

•  Content validity:  According to Mc Burney and White (2007); content validity is the notion that a test should sample a range of behavior that is represented by the theoretical concept being measured.
  • It is a non-statistical type of validity with the involvement of assessment of the content of the test to ascertain whether it includes the sample representative of the behavior that is intended to be measured
• Criterion validity: Criterion-related validity is the idea that a valid test should relate closely to another measure of the same theoretical concept. A valid test of intelligence should correlate highly with another intelligence test
  • The two types of criterion validities are predictive validity and concurrent validity.  
  • Predictive validity concerns a future criterion that is correlated to the relevant measure.
  • Concurrent validity is assessed by correlating a measure and the criterion at the same point in time. 
• Construct Validity: Mc Burney and White (2007) defined construct validity as the property of a test that the measurement actually measures the constructs they are designed to measure.
  • It is also referred to as "Psychological Validity," "Logical Validity", or  "Trait Validity."
  • It is concerned with how well the test represents a particular theoretical component or characteristic
  • Construct validation involves three distinct steps.
    •  Specify the theoretical relationship between the concepts themselves
    •  Examine the empirical relationship between the measures of the concepts
    •  Interpret the empirical evidence in terms of how it clarifies the construct validity of the particular measure.

Personality is developed from the Latin word- Persona. Persona means which means mask. Which can be referred to as the public image of one's personality.

Personality is individual differences in characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Many psychologists gave intelligence theory. Carl Jung is one of them.

Important Points 

• Jung's most important work was the in-depth analysis of the psyche. He said the psyche is the totality of all psychic processes, conscious as well as unconscious.
• Carl Jung said that psyche is a self-regulating system where a person has to maintain a balance between opposing qualities while constantly striving for growth he broke the concept of the psyche into various elements which are ego, personal unconscious, complexes, collective unconscious, the self, personality, etc.
• So personality is one element of the psyche.
• Carl Jung explained personality as putting certain masks in various situations to present one side of yourself to be present at work or some other place. those who are connected too strongly with their persona can run into problems because they are involved too much in one side of the personality.

So, according to Carl Jung, human personality is called the psyche. 

Additional Information

• Carl Jung developed a theory of personality in which he said that each individual has a personality type. personality preferences are an innate inborn predisposition. Our personality preferences are shaped by environmental influences. 
• Carl Jung gave concepts like extroversion and introversion, archetypes, modern dream analysis, and the collective unconscious. 

The correct answer is 'Two attitudes and four functions'

Key Points

• Overview of Carl Jung's personality types:
  • Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, developed a theory of psychological types which has had a significant impact on personality psychology.
  • According to Jung, human behavior can be categorized into different personality types based on certain psychological traits.
• Two attitudes and four functions:
  • Jung identified two primary attitudes: Extraversion (E) and Introversion (I). These attitudes describe how individuals orient their energy and attention.
  • He also identified four primary psychological functions: Thinking (T), Feeling (F), Sensing (S), and Intuition (N).
  • Combining the two attitudes with the four functions results in eight distinct personality types.
  • For example, an individual could be an Extraverted Thinker (ET) or an Introverted Feeler (IF).

Additional Information

• Four attitudes and two functions:
  • This option is incorrect because Jung did not identify four attitudes. He only identified two: Extraversion and Introversion.
  • The combination of four attitudes and two functions does not align with Jung's theory.
• Four attitudes and four functions:
  • This is incorrect as well because, according to Jung, there are only two attitudes, not four.
  • Mixing four attitudes with four functions would result in a different framework than the one Jung proposed.
• Two attitudes and six functions:
  • This is also incorrect because Jung described only four functions, not six.
  • The framework of two attitudes and six functions does not exist in Jung's theory.