The correct answer is Cache memory

Key Points

• locality of reference is the tendency of a processor to access the same set of memory locations repetitively over a short period of time
• There are two basic types of reference locality - temporal and spatial locality
  • Temporal locality refers to the reuse of resources, within a relatively small-time duration
  • Spatial locality refers to the use of data elements within relatively close storage locations
• Cache needs high degree of locality of reference so that recently accessed pages or closely placed page are found in cache, this increases the cache hit rate which increases the performance of System
• Locality of reference becomes crucial principle in Cache because cost of cache is very high, and size is small

The correct answer is option 2.

Concept:

Random Access Memory:

Random Access Memory of the CPU is used to store data, programmes, and programme results. It is a read-write memory that holds information up until the machine is operational. Data is wiped the moment the computer is turned off.

Explanation:

The given data,

The computer data bus wide= 32-bit

The static RAM memory chip = 4K X 8 

Given that each chip has 8 bits of data input/output and that there is a 32-bit data bus, We need at least 4 chips (8 x 4)= 32 bits.

Since with 4 chips,

The smallest memory is= 4 * ( 4 KB * 8 ) / 8

=  2¹⁴ 

=16 KB

Hence the correct answer is 16 kb.

The correct answer is option 2.

Concept:

Solid-state drive (SSD):

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a type of electronic storage device that is based on solid-state architecture. To store nonvolatile data, SSDs use NAND and NOR flash memory, as well as dynamic random access memory (DRAM). A solid-state drive (SSD) and a magnetic hard disc drive (HDD) serve the same purpose. A solid-state disc (SSD) or electronic disc drive is another name for an SSD.

characteristics:

• Solid-state drive are non-volatile memory because they must save their data even after the host device is switched off.
• SSD storage is faster than HDD storage, which is comprised of magnetic tape and has mechanical bits.
• HDDs are larger than SSDs and read and write significantly slower.
• An SSD, in its most basic form, is flash storage with no moving components.
• SSDs use significantly less wattage at peak load than hard drives.
• SSDs are often more resistant to physical stress, run silently, and have better IOPS and lower latency than electromechanical drives.

Hence the correct answer is Non-volatile, faster.

The correct answer is Option 2: Exploit the spatial locality of reference in a program.

Key Points

• Cache memory is a small, high-speed storage area located close to the CPU that stores copies of frequently accessed memory data.
• Spatial locality of reference refers to the tendency of a program to access data locations that are near each other within a short period of time.
• By placing more than one word in one cache block, the system can exploit spatial locality by fetching and storing multiple words that are likely to be used together.
• This technique reduces the number of cache misses because the required data is more likely to be found within the same cache block.
• As a result, it improves the overall performance of the system by minimizing the time spent on memory accesses.

Additional Information

• Temporal locality of reference refers to the tendency of a program to access the same data locations repeatedly within a short period of time.
• Reducing the miss penalty refers to minimizing the time taken to retrieve data from main memory when a cache miss occurs.
• Cache blocks are also known as cache lines, and they typically contain multiple contiguous memory locations.
• Modern computer systems use various cache optimization techniques to improve performance, such as multi-level caches and prefetching strategies.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• If the virtual memory size is 32 MB and the physical memory size is 4 MB with a page size of 2 KB, we need to calculate the number of frames available in physical memory.
• Calculation:
  • First, convert the physical memory size into kilobytes (KB):
    • 4 MB = 4 * 1024 KB = 4096 KB
  • Next, divide the physical memory size by the page size to get the number of frames:
    • Number of frames = Physical Memory Size / Page Size
    • Number of frames = 4096 KB / 2 KB = 2048 frames
• Therefore, the number of frames available in physical memory is 2048.

Additional Information

• Virtual Memory:
  • Virtual memory allows a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.
  • It uses both hardware and software to enable a computer to run larger applications or multiple applications simultaneously.
• Physical Memory:
  • Physical memory refers to the actual RAM installed in a computer.
  • It is a volatile memory that temporarily stores data and machine code currently being used.
• Page Size:
  • Page size is the size of a page in memory management schemes. It is a fixed-length contiguous block of virtual memory.
  • Page sizes are typically a power of 2, ranging from 512 bytes to several megabytes.

The correct answer is DRAM.

Key Points

• DRAM:
  • It is dynamic random access memory and is widely used as a computer's main memory. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
  • Each DRAM memory cell is made up of a transistor and a capacitor within an integrated circuit, and a data bit is stored in the capacitor.
• DDR-RAM:
  • It stands for Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory.
  • These are the computer memory that transfers the data twice as fast as regular chips like SDRAM chips because DDR memory can send and receive signals twice per clock cycle as a comparison.
• SRAM:
  • It stands for Static Random Access Memory.
  • It is a form of a semiconductor.
  • It is widely used in microprocessors, general computing applications, and electronic devices.
  • The SRAM is volatile in nature which means the data stored in it gets all wiped out once the power supply is cut.
  • SRAM is comprised of flip-flops. 
• PRAM:
  • In computer science, a parallel random-access machine is a shared-memory abstract machine.
  • As its name indicates, the PRAM is intended as the parallel-computing analogy to the random-access machine.

The Correct Answer is ROM.

Key Points

• The permanent memory of a computer is known as ROM(Read-only memory).
• In computers and other electronic devices, read-only memory (ROM) is a form of non-volatile memory.
• After the memory unit is manufactured, data contained in ROM cannot be electronically changed. Read-only memory, also known as firmware, is useful for storing software that is rarely updated during the life of the device.
• Plug-in cartridges containing ROM can be used to distribute software applications (such as video games) for programmable computers.
• Read-only memory refers to memory that is hard-wired and cannot be modified electronically after manufactures, such as a diode matrix or a mask ROM integrated circuit (IC).

Additional Information

• The memory is permanently installed on your computer. This is a read-only memory. The working memory of a computer, also known as random-access memory. The hardware allows data to be passed through a device. 
• Random-access memory (RAM) is a type of computer memory that allows data and machine code to be read and modified in any order. It is commonly used to store working data and machine code.
• A CD-ROM is a data-containing optical compact disc that has been pre-pressed. CD-ROMs are a form of read-only memory that computers can read but not write to or delete.
• The electronic circuitry that executes instructions in a computer programme is known as a central processing unit (CPU), also known as a central processor, main processor, or simply processor.

The correct answer is cookie.

Key Points

• A cookie is a small text file (up to 4 KB) created by a website that is stored in the user's computer temporarily for only that session or permanently in storage.
  • Cookies provide a way for the website to recognize you and track your preferences.
  • Cookies are typically used to "maintain the state" of the browser session. For example, users can place items in a shopping cart, switch to another page or another site, and when they return, the site recognizes them and the current state of the cart.
  • Cookies consist of a series of URLs (addresses) for which they are valid. When the web browser or other HTTP application again sends a request to the webserver containing those URLs, it sends it along with the associated cookies.
  • For example, if your user ID and password are stored in a cookie, this saves you from typing the same information over and over again the next time you access that service.
  • Cookies allow the website to customize the pages and create a custom experience for each individual.

Additional Information

• Malware
  • Malware is malicious software intended to cause damage to a computer or network.
  • Types of malware include viruses, worms, spyware, and ransomware.
  • Malware can find its way onto computers when a user clicks a link or email attachment that installs malicious software.
• Bug
  • A bug computer definition is referred to as a failure or a flaw in the software program.
  • A Bug produces an incorrect or undesired result that deviates from the expected result or behaviour.
  • When you add two numbers using this app and if it shows you a wrong total, then we can say this app has a bug.
• Cache
  • The cache is the temporary memory officially termed "CPU cache memory".
  • "Cache" is also used to refer to any temporary collection of data, either in hardware or software.

The correct answer is Flash memory.

Key Points

• Flash memory is a type of memory that functions similarly to RAM and ROM.
• You can write data to flash memory just like you can to RAM, however, unlike ROM, the data isn't lost when the power is turned off. Read-only memory is referred to as ROM.
• Although the CPU can read from ROM, it cannot write to or modify it. ROM is a long-term storage medium.
• Random-access memory (RAM) refers to memory that the microprocessor can read from and write to. It's done in RAM when you construct something in memory.

Important Points

• The smallest and fastest memory in a computer is register memory.
• External memory, often known as secondary memory, refers to the numerous storage media that a computer might use to store data and applications.
• Cache memory, often known as cache, is a supplementary memory system that saves frequently used instructions and data in order for the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to perform them more quickly.

The correct answer is  Storage medium.

Key Points

• CD-ROM, an abbreviation of compact disc read-only memory, type of computer memory in the form of a compact disc that is read by optical means.
• A CD-ROM drive uses a low-power laser beam to read digitized (binary) data that has been encoded in the form of tiny pits on an optical disk.
• The drive then feeds the data to a computer for processing.
• With a storage capacity of 680 megabytes, the CD-ROM found rapid commercial acceptance as an alternative to so-called floppy disks.
• Unlike conventional magnetic storage technologies (e.g., tapes, floppy disks, and hard disks), CDs and CD-ROMs are not recordable hence the tag “read-only.”

Additional Information

• MP3 File:
  • MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3) is a standard technology and format for compressing a sound sequence into a very small file while preserving the original level of sound quality when it is played.
  • MP3 provides near CD-quality audio.
  • It is one of the most common music file types.
• Microprocessor:
  • A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work.
  • It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
• Magnetic Disk:
  •  A magnetic disk is a storage device that uses a magnetization process to write, rewrite, and access data.
  • It is covered with a magnetic coating and stores data in the form of tracks, spots, and sectors.
  • Hard disks, zip disks, and floppy disks are common examples of magnetic disks.

The correct answer is 1024 megabytes.

Key Points

• 1 gigabyte = 2³⁰ bytes = 2¹⁰ × 2²⁰ bytes
• Since 1 megabyte =  220 bytes
• 1 gigabyte =  210 × megabytes
• 1 gigabyte = 1024 megabytes
• Therefore option 3 is correct.

Important Points

• The smallest unit of memory is called a bit.
• Bit stands for binary digit.
• The memory of a computer is measured in Bytes
• The storage capacity of a hard disk is measured in Megabytes, Gigabytes, and Terabytes.

Additional Information

Memory Size is as follows:

The correct answer is option 2.

Concept:

The ROM contains the initial instructor of the bootstrap loader program (tiny bootstrap) of an operating system.

• The tiny bootstrap loader program resides on the EPROM, ROM, or other non-volatile memory of the machine.
• As soon as the device is turned on, the CPU will instantly begin to execute it. The bootstrap loader reads the boot sector of the hard drives in order to continue installing the computer's operating system.
• When the computer is turned on or restarted, the bootstrap loader initially performs the power-on self-test, commonly known as POST.
• If the POST is successful and there are no errors, the bootstrap loader puts the machine's operating system into memory. Following that, the computer may access, load, and use the operating system.

Hence the correct answer is ROM.

The correct answer is Cache Memory.

Key Points

• ​Cache memory
  • It is a high-speed storage area for temporary storage.
  • It is the smaller and fastest memory component in the computer.
  • It is used during the reading and writing processes from the disk.
  • It acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU.

Additional Information

• Auxiliary Memory
  • It is known as the lowest-cost, highest-capacity and slowest-access storage in a computer system.
  • It is where programs and data are kept for long-term storage or when not in immediate use.
  • The most common examples of auxiliary memories are magnetic tapes and magnetic disks.

The correct answer is option 3.

Concept:

Cache memory is used to minimize memory-processor speed mismatch.

Cache memory is used to reduce the average memory access times. This is done by storing the data that is frequently accessed in main memory addresses, therefore, allowing the CPU to access the data faster.

Cache memory:

Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that improves the efficiency with which data is retrieved from the computer's memory.

• It serves as a temporary storage place from which the computer's processor may readily retrieve data. This temporary storage space, known as a cache, is more accessible to the CPU than the computer's primary memory source, which is often DRAM. 
• Cache memory is sometimes known as CPU memory since it is often incorporated directly into the CPU chip or put on a separate chip with a separate bus link with the CPU.

Hence the correct answer is Cache memory.

The correct answer is RAM.

• RAM is the fastest to read from and write to than the other kinds of storage in a computer.
  • It is Volatile or temporary memory.
  • Data gets erased when the power supply is off.
  • Faster memory than ROM.
  • It is used in the normal operations of a computer after starting up and loading the operating system.
• CD-ROM for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory".
  • CD-ROM is a CD that can be read by a computer with an optical drive.
• Floppy Disk is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of the thin and flexible magnetic storage medium.
  • It is used for backup purpose.
  • It is a type of secondary storage.
  • The storage capacity of a common floppy disk is 1.44 MB.
• The hard disk is the main device for storing data in the computer.
  • It uses magnetic technology (nowadays optical technology for storing data).
  • It has a strong coating above the magnetic metallic oxide in order to protect the major components.