Medical Aid MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Medical Aid - Download Free PDF

Explanation:

First Aid

• Any immediate assistance or treatment given to a casualty who is injured or suddenly taken ill, before the arrival of skilled medical help is known as first aid.
• In an emergency, situation injuries are often aggravated due to a lack of adequate and proper care.
• Proper first aid always helps to reduce casualties in a post disaster situation.

The aim of first aid is to : 

1. Preserve life and limbs
2. To limit further injuries or limit worsening of the injury
3. To promote recovery 

• First aid is limited to the assistance rendered at the time of emergency with materials that may be available.
• Redressing of injuries and any amount of after treatment is outside the scope of first aid.
• Always remember the golden rule: "first do no harm" 
• If possible, a first aid provider should use Personal Protection Equipments (PPE) such as a personal mask, latex gloves, eye protection and apron/gown, if necessary.

Concept:

• A bandage is a material mainly used to cover wounds, keep dressing in place, apply pressure, control bleeding, support a splint or immobilize the body part.
• The dressing is the first layer in contact with the wound.

Explanation:

Dressing:

• Wet to dry or dry dressing.
• In wet to dry dressing, a moist environment is maintained using moist gauze or bandage, which is then allowed to dry.
• This helps in wound drainage and the removal of dead tissues.
• In dry dressing, dry gauze or bandage is wrapped around the wound with medication and cotton to keep the wound dry, protect it from infection, and, most importantly, provide pressure to stop bleeding.

Thus, the dry bandage is done to stop the bleeding.

Explanation:

• A dressing is a protective covering applied to a wound to:
  1. prevent infection,
  2. absorb discharge,
  3. control bleeding,
  4. avoid further injury, and
  5. reduce pain.
• An efficient dressing should be sterile (germ-free) and have a good degree of porosity to allow for oozing and sweating.

Types Of Dressings

Adhesive Dressings (Band-Aid)

• These sterile dressings consist of a pad of absorbent gauze of cellulose held in place by a layer of adhesive material. Sterile adhesive dressings are supplied in paper or plastic covers.
• The surrounding skin must be dry before application and all the edges of the dressing pressed firmly down.

Non-Adhesive Dressing

Ready-Made Sterile Dressing

• The dressing consists of layers of gauze covered by a pad of cotton wool and with an attached roller bandage to hold it in position. The dressing is enclosed and sealed in protective covering (which is only broken while applying) and is supplied in various sizes.

Gauze Dressing

• Gauze in layers is commonly used as a dressing for large wounds, as it is very absorbent, soft and pliable. It is liable to adhere to the wound; however, it may assist the clotting of blood. The dressing should be covered by one or more layers of cotton wool.

Improvised Dressing

• These can be formed from any clean soft absorbent material such as a clean handkerchief, a piece of linen, a clean paper, or cellulose tissue. They should be covered and retained in position. 

Explanation:

First Things First

• All too often we get caught up in some minor detail and miss the big picture, or to put it another way, “we miss the forest for the trees”. It is important to keep in mind the following priorities when performing first aid.
• Always perform first aid in the following order:
  1. Restore Breathing: A person becomes brain dead in 6 minutes if breathing is not restored.
  2. Stop Severe Bleeding: Without blood, oxygen cannot get to the vital organs of a person's body.
  3. Treat Shock: A victims mind and body must work together in order to be healthy. Never overlook shock situations, be they mental or physical.
  4. Call advanced medical help immediately: Always realize that you are providing a stop-gap function to an injured person. Always obtain trained medical assistance as soon as possible. It also is good first aid practice to have even minor wounds checked when expert medical assistance is available

Explanation:

Unconscious and breathing
DRAB survey

• While you are waiting for help to arrive, follow the primary DRAB survey steps - Danger, Response, Airway, and Breathing.

Danger

• Check that neither you nor the unconscious person is in any danger.
• If necessary make the area safe and then assess them.

Response - unconscious adult or child

• If you are still alone, shout for help again and then see if the person responds:
• Shout at them - for example: 'Can you hear me?' or 'Open your eyes'.
• Gently shake their shoulders.

Airway

• If they respond, they are breathing but check for severe bleeding and other injuries.
• You may need to help them to breathe by opening their airway:
• Place one hand on the forehead and, using two fingers, lift the chin

Breathing

• If they don't respond, you need to check if they are breathing:
• Position your cheek close to their mouth.
• Look, listen and feel for no more than 10 seconds:
  • Look to see if the chest is rising and falling.
  • Listen for breathing. 
  • Feel the breath against your cheek

Explanation:

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation​

To help a person who may have stopped breathing, a CPR needs to be performed quickly.

Following steps can be used:

1. Perform external chest compressions by placing the heel of one palm at the lower half of the breast bone and keeping fingers off the ribs. Cover this hand with the heel of the other hand. 
2. Keep arms straight and push down vertically about 4 to 5 cm and then release. Do not lift hands off the chest between compressions. Complete 30 compressions in 18 seconds.
3. After one cycle of compressions tilt head back, pinch nose and give two short breaths of mouth-to-mouth respiration.
4. Complete 5 cycles of this routine (compressions and mouth-to-mouth) within 2 minutes. Check pulse after every 5 cycles.
5. Stop compressions as soon as pulse returns and check for breathing. If there is no breathing continue mouth-to-mouth respiration until natural breathing is restored. 
6. Cover your mouth with clean cloth/ handkerchief to prevent transmitting infections when giving mouth to mouth rescue breathing. 
7. Continue CPR till you are completely exhausted, or someone takes over. Never leave the victim alone. To perform CPR with proper CPR techniques and procedures one should undergo CPR training.

Explanation:

Electric Shock

• The danger from an electrical shock depends on the type of current, how high the voltage is, how the current traveled through the body, the person's overall health, and how quickly the person is treated.
• An electrical shock may cause burns, or it may leave no visible mark on the skin. In either case, an electrical current passing through the body can cause internal damage, cardiac arrest or other injuries. Under certain circumstances, even a small amount of electricity can be fatal.
• When you can safely touch the person, do CPR if the person is not breathing or does not have a pulse.

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation​

To help a person who may have stopped breathing, CPR needs to be performed quickly.

The following steps can be used:

1. Perform external chest compressions by placing the heel of one palm at the lower half of the breast bone and keeping fingers off the ribs. Cover this hand with the heel of the other hand. 
2. Keep arms straight and push down vertically about 4 to 5 cm and then release. Do not lift hands off the chest between compressions. Complete 30 compressions in 18 seconds.
3. After one cycle of compressions tilt head back, pinch nose and give two short breaths of mouth-to-mouth respiration.
4. Complete 5 cycles of this routine (compressions and mouth-to-mouth) within 2 minutes. Check pulse after every 5 cycles.
5. Stop compressions as soon as pulse returns and check for breathing. If there is no breathing continue mouth-to-mouth respiration until natural breathing is restored. 
6. Cover your mouth with clean cloth/ handkerchief to prevent transmitting infections when giving mouth to mouth rescue breathing. 
7. Continue CPR till you are completely exhausted, or someone takes over. Never leave the victim alone. To perform CPR with proper CPR techniques and procedures one should undergo CPR training.

Concept:

• Laparoscopy -> An operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis using small incisions with the help of camera for observation of internal organs and provide space for small scale surgery.
• Usually incision is from 0.5 to 1.5 cm.
• It helps in diagnosis and therapeutic purpose.

​Explanation:

• Laparoscopy helps to diagnose different conditions that develop inside the abdomen and pelvis.
• And also, to remove damaged organs and tissue sample for further testing.
• CO₂ is most commonly used gas for insufflation in laparoscopy.
• Because, CO₂ is:
  • Colorless
  • Inexpensive 
  • Nonflammable
  • Higher blood solubility than air
  • Reduces the risk of complications if venous embolism occurs.

Additional Information

• NO, O₂, Air are not safe to use in the presence of electrical instruments.
• And also there is a risk of embolism formation.

Concept:

• Blood Coagulation: coagulation of blood occurs due to the activation of clotting factors.
•  It occurs in three major stages:
• Formation of prothrombin activator through extrinsic pathway & intrinsic pathway.
•  Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
•  Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Explanation:

• Hemostasis: means the prevention of blood loss from a broken blood vessel.
•  It's achieved by three mechanisms:
• Vascular constriction
• Platelet plug formation
• Blood coagulation
• Platelets are cells that help to maintain the body's hemostasis and prevent blood loss when blood vessels are damaged to function properly.

Additional Information

• Functions of platelets:
• Vasoconstriction is caused in part by serotonin produced by platelets.
• Platelets join together to seal the vascular damage or injury.
• Clotting factors are provided by platelets.
• A growth factor found in platelets encourages the vascular wall's mitosis.

Concept:

Wound:

• An injury that breaks the skin or other body tissues is called a wound.
• They consist of skin punctures, scrapes, scratches, and cuts.
• Wounds can also be brought on by surgery, sutures, and stitches in addition to accidents.
• Cleaning minor wounds are crucial because they typically don't require medical attention.

Explanation:

Incised wound:

• A clean, straight cut known as an incised wound is produced by a sharp edge (i.e. a knife).
• Tends to bleed profusely since several vessels may be slashed directly.
• It's possible that supporting tissues like tendons and ligaments are also involved.

Puncture:

• A nail, knife, or pointy tooth are examples of pointed objects that can cause punctures.
• Puncture wounds frequently look superficial but may penetrate deeper tissue layers.

Contusion:

• A bruise is caused by a direct blow to some part of the body.
• For example, the knee of a player is knocked against the thigh of the person.

Thus, infused does not, describe a type of wound.

Additional InformationIntravenous (IV) cannulation:

• The process of intravenous (IV) cannulation involves inserting a cannula within a vein to enable venous access.
• Blood sampling, pharmaceutical administration, parenteral nourishment, chemotherapy, and blood product administration are all made possible through venous access.

Confusion PointsPlease note this question was asked in DSSSB Physical Education Teacher Official Paper (Held on 16 Nov 2018) according to the official answer key infused is the correct answer. However "confused" is also not a type of wound. 

Explanation:

• Every year, a large number of people lose their lives or become injured seriously as a result of fires. Fires in buildings pose a great threat to resident safety. 
• Fire can have critical consequences for human society due to the damage it causes to buildings and infrastructure.
• Also, a large number of people lose their lives or become seriously injured as a result of fires.
• 200 workers are estimated to die in fire-related incidents per year.

Explanation:

• First-degree burns are very common and frequently occur after one accidentally touches a hot stove, curling iron, or hair straightener.
• Sunburn can also be a first-degree burn. Unlike second- or third-degree burns, which are more severe, first-degree burns only involve the top layer of the skin.
• If you have a first-degree burn, your skin may be red and painful, and you may experience mild swelling.

To treat a first-degree burn, dermatologists recommend the following tips:

1. Cool the burn
2. Apply petroleum jelly two to three times daily
3. Cover the burn with a nonstick, sterile bandage
4. Consider taking over-the-counter pain medication
5. Protect the area from the sun. 

When a child gets an injury from a fall while running and the injury is external it is scratch. 

Key Points

Scratch are areas of damage on the surface of the skin. scratch is surface damage that does not penetrate the lower tissues.

Scratch are surface wounds that don't go all the way through the skin. Scrapes are common on the knees, elbows and palms.

The  symptoms of cuts and scratches include:

• bleeding
• redness or swelling around the wound pain
• irritation at the skin surface

Children are more susceptible to cuts and scratches than adults, because they are more active and have less control over their growing bodies.

Thus, it can be concluded that  when a child gets an injury from a fall while running and the injury is external it is scratch. 

Explanation:

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation​

To help a person who may have stopped breathing, a CPR needs to be performed quickly.

Following steps can be used:

1. Perform external chest compressions by placing the heel of one palm at the lower half of the breast bone and keeping fingers off the ribs. Cover this hand with the heel of the other hand. 
2. Keep arms straight and push down vertically about 4 to 5 cm and then release. Do not lift hands off the chest between compressions. Complete 30 compressions in 18 seconds.
3. After one cycle of compressions tilt head back, pinch nose and give two short breaths of mouth-to-mouth respiration.
4. Complete 5 cycles of this routine (compressions and mouth-to-mouth) within 2 minutes. Check pulse after every 5 cycles.
5. Stop compressions as soon as pulse returns and check for breathing. If there is no breathing continue mouth-to-mouth respiration until natural breathing is restored. 
6. Cover your mouth with clean cloth/ handkerchief to prevent transmitting infections when giving mouth to mouth rescue breathing. 
7. Continue CPR till you are completely exhausted, or someone takes over. Never leave the victim alone. To perform CPR with proper CPR techniques and procedures one should undergo CPR training.

Explanation:

Heart attack 

• Heart attack is the blockage of one of the small arteries supplying the muscular wall of the heart.

First Aid for Heart Attack

1. Put the patient at rest, lying down with his head raised on a couple of pillows. If he has severe breathing difficulties, he may be more comfortable in a sitting position.
2. Loosen tight clothing.
3. Let in fresh air but keep the patient warm.
4. Gently mop away any sweat.
5. Give psychological help by being calm, by showing concern for his distress but in no way expressing the fear for his safety. Reassure him that medical help is on the way.
6. Give him ordinary aspirin if the casualty is conscious, and tell him to chew slowly.

Additional Information

• Shock is the failure of the heart and blood vessels to maintain the oxygen demand, in medical terms.