Invention and Discoveries MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Invention and Discoveries - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is Leon Calmette and Camille Guerin.

Key Points

• Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine was developed by French bacteriologists Leon Calmette and Camille Guerin in 1921. It is used for the Prevention of Tuberculosis.
• The vaccine provides protection against meningitis, leprosy, non-invasive bladder cancers, and disseminated TB in children.
• A recent study has shown that the countries which have BCG vaccination in their immunization program have a low rate of death due to COVID-19.
• Tuberculosis (TB) disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) usually attacks the lungs.
• BCG vaccine was first considered by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in its thirteenth report.
• BCG vaccine is one of the most widely used of all current vaccines.

Additional Information

• Edward Jenner - Edward Jenner, FRS FRCPE was a British physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first ever vaccine. The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae, the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox.
  • Jonas Salk - Jonas Edward Salk was an American virologist and medical researcher who developed one of the first successful polio vaccines.
• Louis Pasteur - He pioneered the study of molecular asymmetry; discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; originated the process of pasteurization; saved the beer, wine, and silk industries in France; and developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies.

• Robert Koch, a German physician and one of the main founders of modern bacteriology, made significant contributions to our understanding of tuberculosis.

  On March 24, 1882, Koch announced the discovery of the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This was a significant breakthrough because TB was one of the deadliest diseases of Koch's time, responsible for a high number of deaths, particularly in crowded, impoverished, urban areas.

The correct answer is Alec Jeffreys.

• DNA fingerprinting is a technique that shows the genetic makeup of living things.
• Father of DNA fingerprinting in the world is Sir Alec John Jeffreys.
• Father of DNA fingerprinting in India is Dr Lalji Singh.

Additional Information

Some other important names:

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• The hybridoma technique was developed by George Köhler and César Milstein in 1975. Hence, option 2 is correct.
• It is used to produce monoclonal antibodies by fusing a specific antibody-producing B-cell with a myeloma (cancer) cell, creating a hybrid cell (hybridoma).
• This hybridoma can proliferate indefinitely and produce large quantities of identical (monoclonal) antibodies.
• They received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 for this groundbreaking discovery.
• Other Options:
  • Louis Pasteur: Pioneer in microbiology and vaccination.
  • Edward Jenner: Developed the first successful smallpox vaccine.
  • Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Known for clonal selection theory in immunology.

The correct answer is J Salk.

Key Points

• The Polio vaccine was first prepared by J Salk and first used in 1955.
• The polio vaccine developed by Dr J Salk was an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).
• The oral polio vaccine (OPV) was developed by Dr Albert Sabin and first used in 1961.
•  Oral polio vaccine (OPV) was a convenient form given as liquid drops via the mouth.

Additional Information

• G J Mendel experimented on garden pea hybrids while living at a monastery and is known as the father of modern genetics.
• L Pasteur is known for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.

Important Points

• Pulse Polio Immunization programme was launched in India in 1995.

The correct answer is Marie Curie.

Key Points

• Marie Curie was a Polish-French physicist and chemist who is best known for her pioneering work on radioactivity.
• She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields: Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).
• Her groundbreaking research led to the discovery of the radioactive elements polonium and radium.
• Marie Curie coined the term radioactivity to describe the phenomenon of spontaneous emission of radiation by certain substances.
• Her work laid the foundation for advancements in nuclear physics, radiotherapy, and medical imaging technologies.

Additional Information

• Radioactivity:
  • It is a physical phenomenon where unstable atomic nuclei release energy in the form of radiation to achieve a stable state.
  • There are three main types of radioactive emissions: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
  • Radioactivity is widely used in fields such as medicine, nuclear energy, and scientific research.
• Polonium and Radium:
  • Polonium was discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 and named after her homeland, Poland.
  • Radium was discovered later in 1898 and is highly radioactive, used historically in cancer treatments.
• Nobel Prizes:
  • Marie Curie shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel for their work on radioactivity.
  • She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her discovery of radium and polonium.
• Impact of Marie Curie's Research:
  • Her findings led to the development of X-ray machines used in medical diagnostics.
  • Her research contributed to the understanding of nuclear reactions and the development of nuclear energy.

The correct answer is Alec Jeffreys.

• DNA fingerprinting is a technique that shows the genetic makeup of living things.
• Father of DNA fingerprinting in the world is Sir Alec John Jeffreys.
• Father of DNA fingerprinting in India is Dr Lalji Singh.

Additional Information

Some other important names:

The correct answer is Edward Jenner.

Key Points

• The immunization technique was developed by Edward Jenner.
  • Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist.
  • He was the pioneer of the smallpox vaccine.
• Louis Pasteur discovered that microbes were responsible for souring alcohol.
  • He came up with the process of pasteurization.

Additional Information

• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is considered a father of microbiology.
• Robert Koch is known for isolating the tuberculosis bacterium, the cause of numerous deaths in the mid-19th century.
  • He won the Nobel Prize in 1905 for his work.

The correct answer is Jonas Salk.

Key Points

• An inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV) was developed by Dr. Jonas Salk and was first used in 1955.
• A live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine (OPV) developed by Dr. Albert Sabin and first used in 1961.

Important Points

The correct answer is X-Rays.

Key Points

• Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was a German mechanical engineer and physicist born in 27^th March 1845.
• In 1901, he awarded the first Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of X-Rays.
• This X-ray tube became a frequently used instrument in medicine after this discovery.

Additional Information

•  Thomas Alva Edison invented Electric Bulb and Gramophone.
• Sadi Carnot is the father of Thermodynamics.
  • Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter.
  • The four laws of Thermodynamics are; Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics and Third Law of Thermodynamics.
• Conservation of Electric Charge: Charge is neither created nor destroyed, it can only be transferred from one system to another.
• Unit of charge is Coulomb.

The correct answer is Edward Jenner.

Key Points

• Robert Koch:
  • He discovered the causative organisms of anthrax, septicæmia, tuberculosis and cholera.
  • He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis.
• Louis Pasteur:
  • He is known as the father of bacteriology.
  • The process of pasteurization was invented by him.
• Edward Jenner:
  • He is known for the discovery of vaccination for smallpox.
  • He is often called "the father of immunology".
• Landsteiner:

Vitamin D-Paul Muller is not correct.

Important Points

• Paul Muller is not related to Vitamin D.
• He is known for the discovery of DDT.
• Hence ​Vitamin D - Paul Muller is not correctly matched.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Landsteiner.

Key Points

The correct answer is  B and C only as they are the incorrect pair.

• Newton:
  • He discovered the Universal Law of Gravitation and laws of motion.
  • Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force.
  • Newton’s second law states that the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force. 
  • Newton’s third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
  • Hence pair D is correct.
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek:
  • He is known as "the Father of Microbiology".
  • He discovered "protozoa" - the single-celled organisms. 
  • Hence pair C is not correct.
• Ramdeo Mishra:
  • He is called the father of Ecology in India.
  • Hence pair A is correct.
• Robert Brown:
  • Robert Brown discovered the nucleus of the cell.
  • Hence pair B is not correct.

Mistake Points

The question demands INCORRECT pairs.

The correct answer is Edward Jenner

Key Points

• Smallpox is was one of the deadliest diseases known to humans and to date (2016) the only human disease to have been eradicated by vaccination.
• The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine to be developed.
• The history of smallpox holds a unique place in medicine.
• The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine to be developed.
• He observed that milkmaids who previously had caught cowpox did not catch smallpox and showed that inoculated vaccinia protected against inoculated variola virus.

Additional Information

• Scientists and discovery: 
  • Alexander Fleming: Penicillin.
  • Albert Einstein: Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.
  • Louis Pasteur: Pasteurization.

Mistake Points

• The question is asking about the discovery made by Robert Brown, So according to the option, the correct answer will be Nucleus (Nucleus of the cell). 
• Whereas Ernest Rutherford was the discoverer of Nucleus of Atom.

Concept:

• The term cell was first described by Robert Hooke in the year 1665 in his book called 'Micrographic'.

• A cell is a basic structural & functional unit of life of all existing living organisms.
• A cell consists of different cell organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, etc.
• Every organelle performs a specific function that is required for the proper functioning of the cell.

Explanation:

• Robert Brown, a British Biologist discovered the nucleus in the year 1831.
• This cell organelle was named nucleus according to the Latin word nucleus/ nucleus meaning a seed.
• The study of the nucleus is called Karyology.
• The nucleus is a double membrane-bound dense protoplasmic body, which controls all the cellular metabolism and encloses the genetic information of the cell.
•  The nucleus is considered the controller or director of the cell.

Additional Information

• Golgi complex was discovered by Camillo Golgi in the year 1898. He saw a densely stained reticular structure close to the nucleus.
• These were named Golgy bodies after him.
• Mitochondria were first observed by Kolliker as cytoplasmic granules in stripped muscles of insects.
• Chloroplast was discovered by Hugo von Mohl in 1837, it was named by combining Greek words Chloros (Green) & Plastes ( producer)