Electromagnetic Wave Propagation MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation - Download Free PDF

Correct option is : (1) Reflected light is completely polarized and the angle of reflection is close to 60°

Using Brewster's law

μ = tan θ_p

⇒ 1.73 = tan θ_p

⇒ √3 = tan θ_p

⇒ θ_p = 60°

Concept:

Wave Equation:

The general form of a wave equation is y = A sin(kx - ωt), where:

A = Amplitude of the wave

k = Wave number (k = 2π / λ)

ω = Angular frequency (ω = 2πf)

t = Time

x = Position

The wave velocity v can be calculated using the relation:

v = ω / k

Calculation:

Given the wave equation: y = 0.5 sin(2π / λ (400t - x)) m, we can identify the following:

ω = 2π × 400 = 800π rad/s

k = 2π / λ

The velocity of the wave is given by:

v = ω / k = (800π) / (2π / λ) = 400λ

Since the equation is in the standard wave form, we can conclude that the velocity of the wave is 400 m/s.

∴ The velocity of the wave is 400 m/s, which corresponds to Option 3.

Concept:

Skin depth (δ) is the distance into a conductor at which the current density falls to 1/e of its value at the surface due to the skin effect in AC systems.

The formula gives it: $\delta =\sqrt{\frac{2}{\omega \mu \sigma }}$

Where,

• ω = 2πf (angular frequency)
• μ = permeability of the material
• σ = conductivity of the material

Explanation:

Since $\delta \propto \frac{1}{\sqrt{f}}$Skin depth is inversely proportional to the square root of the frequency.

If the frequency increases from f to 4f, then:

${\delta }_{\text{new}}=\frac{\delta }{\sqrt{4}}=\frac{\delta }{2}$

Correct Option:

The new skin depth is: d/2

Correct Answer: 3) d/2

The correct answer is - glass to water and ∠ i > ∠ i_c

Key Points

• Total Internal Reflection
  • Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a medium with a higher refractive index (glass) to a medium with a lower refractive index (water).
  • The critical angle (i_c) is the angle of incidence in the denser medium at which the refracted ray emerges along the interface.
  • For total internal reflection to occur, the angle of incidence (i) must be greater than the critical angle (i_c).

Additional Information

• Refractive Index
  • The refractive index (μ) is a measure of how much the speed of light is reduced inside a medium.
  • In this context, glass has a refractive index of 3/2 and water has a refractive index of 4/3.
• Critical Angle Calculation
  • The critical angle can be calculated using the formula: sin(i_c) = μ2 / μ1, where μ1 is the refractive index of the denser medium (glass) and μ2 is the refractive index of the less dense medium (water).
  • Here, sin(i_c) = (4/3) / (3/2) = 8/9, giving a critical angle i_c for the glass to water interface.
• Angle of Incidence
  • If the angle of incidence i is greater than i_c, total internal reflection occurs, and light is reflected entirely within the denser medium (glass).
  • This phenomenon is utilized in optical fibers and other applications requiring efficient light transmission without loss.

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. Polarization.

CONCEPT:

• A wave is an oscillation that carries energy from one place to another without transporting matter.
• Light is a combination of electric fields and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other.
  • So, the two perpendicular planes are occupied by these fields. The electric and magnetic vibrations can simultaneously occur in a number of perpendicular planes. 
  • Therefore, light is an electromagnetic wave. 
  • A wave that oscillates in many numbers of planes is called an unpolarized wave.
  • Using devices called polarizers, light can be made to vibrate along a single plane. Such light waves are called polarized light.
  • Polarization of light occurs when light is reflected, refracted, and scattered. 

​EXPLANATION:

• The direction of vibration of particles is a property associated with waves. Since light shows the vibration of the electric and magnetic field through polarization, the wave nature of light is concluded from polarization.

Additional Information

Concept:

The Poynting vector describes the magnitude and direction of the flow of energy in electromagnetic waves.

mathematically, the Poynting vector states that:

$P=\overrightarrow{E}\times \overrightarrow{H}Watt/m^2$

Calculation:

Given,

$\overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}}=\left|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}}\right|a_x$

 $\overrightarrow{H}=\left|\overrightarrow{H}\right|a_y$

∴  $P=\left|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}}\right|\left|\overrightarrow{H}\right|.{\overrightarrow{a}}_x\times {\overrightarrow{a}}_y$

$=\left|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}}\right|\left|\overrightarrow{H}\right|{\overrightarrow{a}}_z$

Concept:

1) The direction of the electric field is considered as the polarization of the electromagnetic wave.

2) The direction of propagation of EM wave is given by the cross-product of the vector product of direction of electric field and magnetic field, i.e.

${\hat{a}}_p={\hat{a}}_E\times {\hat{a}}_H$

This is an application of the Poynting theorem.

Analysis:

Given:

$\overrightarrow{H}=20e^{-\alpha x}\cos \left(\omega t-0.25x\right){\hat{a}}_y$

${\hat{a}}_H={\hat{a}}_y$

${\hat{a}}_p={\hat{a}}_x$

${\hat{a}}_p={\hat{a}}_e\times {\hat{a}}_H\Rightarrow {\hat{a}}_x={\hat{a}}_E\times {\hat{a}}_y$

${\hat{a}}_E=-{\hat{a}}_z$

Now, the polarization of the wave = direction of the electric field, i.e.

Wavelength (λ) is equal to the distance traveled by the wave during the time in which any one particle of the medium completes one vibration about its mean position. It is the length of one wave.

Frequency (f) of vibration of a particle is defined as the number of vibrations completed by the particle in one second. It is the number of complete wavelengths traversed by the wave in one second.

The relation between velocity, frequency, and wavelength:

c = f × λ

Where,

c is the speed of light in vacuum = 3 x 10⁸ m/s

$\lambda =\frac{3\times {10}^8}{f}$

But since it is given that the frequency is in MHz, we can write:

$\lambda =\frac{300\times {10}^6}{f(MHz)}$

Since 1 MHz = 10⁶ Hz, the above can be written as:

$\lambda =\frac{300MHz}{f(MHz)}$

$\lambda =\frac{300}{f}$

Concept:

A uniform plane wave is propagating in the material which is lossless i.e. there is no loss.

Hence R = G = 0, σ = 0 only L and C of the material is considered.

L is represented by μ₀μ_r

And C represented by ε₀ ε_r in the wave.

Propagation velocity, $V_p=\frac{\omega }{\beta }$

And $V_p=\frac{C}{\sqrt{{\mu }_r{\epsilon }_r}}\left(C=3\times {10}^{8}m/s\right)$

Calculation:

Now, given that: freq. f = 50 × 10⁶ Hz

Relative permeability μ_r = 2.25

Relative permittivity ε_r = 1

Since the material is lossless, σ = 0

To find β (propagation constant):

$V_p=\frac{3\times {10}^8}{\sqrt{2.25\times 1}}=\frac{2\pi \left(50\times {10}^6\right)}{\beta }$

$\Rightarrow \beta =\frac{\pi }{2}rad/s$

The Brewster law states the relationship between light waves and polarized light. The polarized light vanishes at this maximum angle.

Brewster angle is the angle when a wave is an incident on the surface of a perfect dielectric at which there is no reflected wave and the incident wave is partially polarized.

The refracted ray is oriented at a 90-degree angle from the reflected ray and is only partially polarized

Brewster angle is given by:

$\theta ={\tan }^{-1}\sqrt{\frac{{ϵ}_2}{{ϵ}_1}}$

The British Physicist David Brewster found the relationship between Brewster angle (ip) and refractive index (μ).

μ = tan ip
 

Brewster's Angle-an angle of incidence at which there is no reflection of p-polarized light at an uncoated optical surface.

Brewster Angle:

E_P = parallel polarized component (reflection = 0)

E_S = perpendicular polarized compenent

r = reflection coefficient

τ = transmission coefficient

θ_B = Brewster Angle $={\tan }^{-1}\left(\frac{n_2}{N_1}\right)$

where n₂ = Refractive index of medium 2)

n₁ = Refractive index of medium (1)

Important Point-

When referring to polarization states, the p-polarization refers to the polarization plane parallel to the polarization axis of the polarizer being used ("p" is for "parallel"). The s-polarization refers to the polarization plane perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizer.

Concept:

The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall envelope shape of the wave's amplitudes known as the modulation or envelope of the wave propagates through space.

The group velocity is defined by the equation:

$v_g=\frac{d\omega }{dk}$

Where ω = wave’s angular frequency

k = angular wave number = 2π/λ 

Wave theory tells us that a wave carries its energy with the group velocity. For matter waves, this group velocity is the velocity u of the particle.

Energy of a photon is given by the planck as:

E = hν

With ω = 2πν

ω = 2πE/h      ----- (1)

Wave number is given by:

k = 2π/λ = 2πp/h    ----(2)

where λ = h/p (de broglie)

Now from equations 1 and 2, we get:

$d\omega =\frac{2\pi }{h}dE;$

$dk=\frac{2\pi }{h}dp;$

$\frac{d\omega }{dk}=\frac{dE}{dp}$

By definition: $v_g=\frac{d\omega }{dk}$

v_g = dE/dp   ---- (3)

If a particle of mass m is moving with a velocity v, then

$E=\frac{1}{2}m{v}^2=\frac{p^2}{2m}$

$\frac{dE}{dp}=\frac{p}{m}=v_p$    ---(4)

Now from equations 3 and 4:

v_g = v_p

Poynting vector (S):

It states that the cross product of electric field vector (E) and magnetic field vector (H) at any point is a measure of the rate of flow of electromagnetic energy per unit area at that point that is 

$\overrightarrow{S}=\overrightarrow{E}\times \overrightarrow{H}$

S = Poynting vector

E = Electric field and

H = Magnetic field

The Poynting vector describes the magnitude and direction of the flow of energy in electromagnetic waves per unit volume.

Application:

Given,

length = l

radious = r

current = i

Potential = V

Since, electric field (E) is the potential per unit length,

Hence, $E=\frac{V}{l}$

For a long straight wire conductor, the magnetic field intensity (H) is given by,

$H=\frac{i}{2\pi r}$

Hence, the magnitude of pointing vector (S) will be,

S = EH = $\frac{V}{l}\times \frac{i}{2\pi r}=\frac{Vi}{2\pi rl}$

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.

The electromagnetic spectrum can be shown in the figure below:

The wavelength and frequency of different colors are shown in the following table:

when a transmission line is loaded with impedance it is represented as follows:

V = incident voltage

V’= reflected voltage

V’’= refracted or transmitted voltage.

Transmission line impedance is surge impedance Z_s.

Load impedance is Z_L.

Short circuited is line is considered when Z_L = 0

Coefficient of reflection is given by the expression $V_{reflection}=\frac{V^{\prime }}{V}$

$V_{reflection}=\frac{Z_L-Z_s}{Z_L+Z_S}$

Calculations: 

${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}=\frac{0-Z_S}{0+Z_S}$

V _reflection = -1

Therefore coefficient of reflection of voltage for a short circuited line is -1.