Which of the following statements are correct?

(i) Ahmad Shah Abdali fought the third battle of Panipat.

(ii) Babur established the Delhi Sultanate.

(iii) Jahangir was a lover of beauty and nature.

The correct answer is i, and iii .

Key Points

• Ahmad Shah Abdali fought the third battle of Panipat. 
• The Third Battle of Panipat took place in 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the invading forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the founder of the Durrani Empire (Afghanistan).
• The battle resulted in a decisive victory for Abdali's forces and is considered a major turning point in Indian history, significantly weakening the Maratha dominance over North India.
• The reasons for the Maratha defeat included their strategic miscalculations, lack of adequate supplies, and the superior cavalry and artillery of the Afghan forces.
• Jahangir was a lover of beauty and nature. 
• Jahangir, the fourth Mughal Emperor, had a well-documented appreciation for art, beauty, and the natural world.
• His reign is known for its flourishing of Mughal painting, and he personally took a keen interest in artistic developments.
• Jahangir was also a meticulous observer of nature, maintaining detailed records and commissioning illustrations of flora and fauna.
• His memoirs, the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, provide ample evidence of his aesthetic sensibilities and his fascination with the natural environment, including his descriptions of gardens, flowers, and animals.

Additional Information

• Babur is credited with establishing the Mughal Empire in India after his victory in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 against Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
• The Delhi Sultanate was established much earlier, in the 13th century, with Qutb-ud-din Aibak as its first Sultan, belonging to the Mamluk dynasty.
• The Delhi Sultanate comprised several dynasties, including the Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties, which ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent for over three centuries before Babur's arrival