Chronologically arrange the following important events at the time of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.

(a) Introduction of Token (Copper) currency.

(b) Shifting of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad.

(c) Increase of Revenue in Ganga-Yamuna Doab.

(d) The Khurasan expedition.

Key Points

• The chronological order of events during the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq is as follows:
• (c) Increase of Revenue in Ganga-Yamuna Doab: This was Muhammad Bin Tughlaq's first major administrative experiment.
• (b) Shifting of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad: This was his second experiment and caused significant hardship to the population.
• (a) Introduction of Token (Copper) Currency: This was his third experiment and resulted in economic turmoil.
• (d) The Khurasan expedition: This was his last experiment, aimed at expanding his empire but ultimately abandoned.

Additional Information

• Increase of Revenue in Ganga-Yamuna Doab:
  • Muhammad Bin Tughlaq decided to increase land revenue in the fertile region of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab to replenish the treasury.
  • This led to widespread resentment among the peasants due to the harshness of the taxation policy.
  • Many farmers abandoned their lands and migrated, which led to a decline in agricultural productivity.
• Shifting of Capital from Delhi to Daulatabad:
  • Muhammad Bin Tughlaq moved the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (in present-day Maharashtra) to better administer the Deccan region.
  • This decision caused immense hardship as people were forced to relocate, and the logistics of moving an entire population proved disastrous.
  • Eventually, the capital was shifted back to Delhi.
• Introduction of Token (Copper) Currency:
  • To address the shortage of silver, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq introduced token currency made of copper.
  • The tokens were supposed to represent the value of silver coins, but due to lack of proper regulation, they were easily counterfeited.
  • The experiment failed, and the token currency was withdrawn, causing significant economic losses.
• The Khurasan Expedition:
  • Muhammad Bin Tughlaq planned an expedition to Khurasan (in present-day Iran) to expand his empire.
  • He recruited a large army for the campaign, but the expedition was abandoned before it could begin due to financial constraints and logistical difficulties.