Syllabus |
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Topics for Prelims |
NEER and REER |
Topics for Mains |
Indian Economy, Economic Development, Resources, Economic Growth, Mobilization, Currency, Global Economies. |
NEER and REER are indicators that measure a country's currency value against a basket of foreign currencies, adjusted and unadjusted for inflation respectively.
NEER is an unadjusted weighted average related to the currency exchange of one country for a basket of various types of foreign countries. REER (Real Effective Exchange Rate) is calculated using NEER, and it is higher than NEER.
The complete form of NEER is the Nominal-Effective-Exchange-Rate. The NEER is considered the weighted means of average, which is geometric and related to the bilateral nominal exchange rate of the home currency in terms of other currencies of other countries. There is a significance of NEER, such as this term of economics, that can try to identify the store values of currencies more or less effectively. The other important aspect of the NEER is that it can also define the strength or weakness of a particular country's currency by comparing different countries' currencies.
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This topic, Neer and Reer UPSC is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination as it falls under General Studies Paper 3 (Mains) and General Studies Paper 1 (Preliminary), particularly in the Indian Economy Section. In this article, we will discuss REER and NEER in detail. You will learn ways to calculate REER and NEER and their importance, limitations, and differences.
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The complete form of NEER is the Nominal-Effective-Exchange-Rate. The NEER is considered the weighted means of average, which is geometric and related to the bilateral nominal exchange rate of the home currency in terms of other currencies of other countries. There is a significance of NEER, such as this term of economics, that can try to identify the store values of currencies more or less effectively. The other important aspect of the NEER is that it can also define the strength or weakness of a particular country's currency by comparing different countries' currencies.
On the contrary, REER is the other essential for the economic condition of a particular country. The meaning of REER in real terms of an effective exchange rate can help measure the value of one country's currency against that of other countries. There is a process to measure REER in that a REER value >100 for the given year indicates that the currency's value has been overvalued. On the other hand, if the REER value is < 100 in a particular year, the currency's value is undervalued.
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The Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) is the weighted average of a country's currency against an index or basket of other relevant currencies (REER). The weights are determined by comparing the relative trade balances of each country's currency to those of all the different countries in the index.
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The Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) is computed using the following formula:
REER = (NEER * CPI Domestic) / (CPI Foreign)
Here:
The REER divides the NEER by the domestic and foreign Consumer Price Index (CPI) ratio. This adjustment compensates for inflation rates diverging between the domestic country and its trading partners. This approach offers a more precise evaluation of the currency's actual value regarding purchasing power.
Incorporating inflation variations, the REER grants insights into a country's trade competitiveness. It considers nominal exchange rate shifts and relative price levels between domestic and foreign economies.
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UPSC Previous Year Question Q. With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements: 1. An increase in Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) indicates the appreciation of rupee. 2. An increase in the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) indicates an improvement in trade competitiveness. 3. An increasing trend in domestic inflation relative to inflation in other countries is likely to cause an increasing divergence between NEER and REER. Which of the above statements are correct? (PYQ 2022) (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (c) |
The weighted geometric average of the home currency's bilateral nominal exchange rates relative to other currencies is known as the NEER. The nominal effective exchange rate is the domestic money needed to purchase foreign currency (NEER). The NEER measures a country's capacity to compete internationally in the foreign exchange (forex) market. The NEER is also called the trade-weighted currency index among forex dealers.
NEER can be adjusted to account for the inflation rate of the home country relative to the inflation rates of the trading partners of the home country. NEER is not based on each currency's specific links in a nominal exchange rate. Instead, a single, focused statistic—typically an index—shows how the value of one local currency compares to several other currencies at once. Due to changes in macroeconomic and external sector performance brought on by structural changes in the Indian economy, 2015–16 has been chosen as the new base year for the NEER indices. The Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) of the rupee, about 40 trading partners, and six other currencies are decided by the Reserve Bank of India.
The final number is the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER). The Nominal Exchange Rate (NEER) defines the quantity of local money required to purchase foreign currency. The trade-weighted currency index, often known as NEER, measures a country's capacity to compete globally in the foreign exchange (forex) market.
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The NEER is vital for gauging a nation's global competitiveness in foreign exchange. It considers inflation differences via the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER). The NEER offers a comprehensive perspective on currency value against multiple others, aiding a broader exchange rate evaluation.
The formula for NEER:
NEER = (w1 * ER1) + (w2 * ER2) + … + (wn * ERn)
Here:
Weights reflect currency importance in international trade. Exchange rates can be market or official based on data availability and context.
Also, check out Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) here.
Check out the 'Reer and Neer' video and boost your preparation.
The nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) and the real effective exchange rate (REER) are crucial indicators in international economics that assess a country's currency value, trade competitiveness, and overall economic performance. These indicators provide valuable insights into a nation's exchange rate dynamics about its trading partners and real purchasing power.
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The difference between REER and NEER is given in a tabular format for better understanding.
REER |
NEER |
It stands for Real Effective Exchange Rate. |
It stands for Nominal Effective Exchange Rate. |
It displays the home currency’s adjusted value in relation to other significant trading currencies. |
NEER is unadjusted with respect to inflation. |
It eliminates the effects of currency-specific inflation differentials and concentrates solely on exchange rate differentials. |
The difference in inflation rates between the country and its trading partners has an influence. |
It is determined using the NEER. |
It is determined using a currency basket. |
As a result of being corrected for inflation, it is thought to be a more accurate estimate. |
Due to differences in inflation, it may provide measurements that aren’t exactly precise. |
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NEER and REER are the two key components of the economies of various nations that can be used to gauge the state of their economies or their ability to conduct business internationally. The depiction of India indicates that the REER percentage will be four in the fiscal year 2021. The REER determines the cash rate for the specific nation, and in FY 2021, the percentage of cast rate is likewise four.
We hope this article addresses all your doubts regarding REER and NEER. The Testbook provides comprehensive notes for different competitive examinations. It has always assured the quality of its products, such as UPSC Coaching, content pages, live tests, GK and current affairs, mocks, and so on. Ace your UPSC preparation with the Testbook App.
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