Which functional groups in amino acids are directly involved in forming peptide bonds?

The correct answer is Carboxyl and amino groups.

Key Points

• A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
• The reaction is a condensation reaction, resulting in the release of a water molecule.
• This bond forms the backbone of proteins, linking individual amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
• The carboxyl group (-COOH) contributes the carbon atom, while the amino group (-NH2) contributes the nitrogen atom to the peptide bond.
• These functional groups are essential in protein synthesis, which occurs in ribosomes during translation in living cells.

Additional Information

• Amino Acids:
  • Amino acids are organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of proteins.
  • Each amino acid contains an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain (R-group).
  • There are 20 standard amino acids, classified as essential or non-essential based on whether the human body can synthesize them.
• Peptide Bond Formation:
  • Peptide bonds are formed during a process called translation, which takes place in ribosomes.
  • Enzymes known as peptidyl transferases catalyze the formation of peptide bonds.
  • Peptide bonds are strong and have partial double-bond character, restricting rotation around the bond.
• Proteins:
  • Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, folded into specific three-dimensional structures.
  • They perform a variety of functions, including enzymatic activity, structural roles, and signaling.
• Hydrolysis of Peptide Bonds:
  • Peptide bonds can be broken down via hydrolysis, which involves the addition of water.
  • This process is catalyzed by enzymes such as proteases, which are important in digestion and protein recycling.