In the two sets given below - Set - I provide operant conditioning procedures and Set - II offers their descriptions in terms of the cue being present or absent, the mode of reinforcement - positive or negative and the response made/withheld. Match the two and indicate your answer
by selecting the code given.

Set-I (Operant conditioning procedures)	Set-II (Descriptions in terms of cue and reinforcement modality Response made/withheld)
(a) Reward training	(i) Cue absent, response withheld, and positive reinforcement
(b) Escape training	(ii) Cue present, response made, and negative reinforcement
(c) Active Avoidance training	(iii) Cue absent, response made, and negative reinforcement
(d) Omission training	(iv) Cue absent, response made, and positive reinforcement
	(v) Cue present, response made, and positive reinforcement

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning, is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior. Reinforcement and punishment are two core tools on which operant conditioning works.  In operant conditioning, a cue is a stimulus that happens just before the operant behavior and that signals that performing the behavior may lead to reinforcement.

Hint

Several operations are involved in this conditioning. Some of them are:

1. Shaping: It refers to the judicious use of selective reinforcement to bring certain desirable changes in the behavior of the organisms.
2. Reward Training: the concept of reward is central to this theory. Reinforcers are the events that raise the rate of responding.
3. Omission training: it consists simply of withholding the reinforcers when the appropriate response occurs.
4. Escape training: In escape behavior, the occurrence of the behavior terminates the aversive stimulus.
5. Active avoidance training: In avoidance behavior, the occurrence of the behavior prevents the presentation of an aversive stimulus

Both escape and avoidance are types of negative reinforcement, both increase the behavior that terminates or avoids the aversive stimulus.

Conclusion: From the above discussion, it is clear that option (1) is correct.