Homologous and non-homologous chromosomes differ primarily in their genetic composition. The former carry identical gene types in the same loci, while the latter contain different gene types.
Difference between Homologous and Non-homologous Chromosomes - Testbook.com
Last Updated on Jul 31, 2023
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Defining Homologous and Non-Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures that house the genetic information of a cell within the nucleus. Depending on their pairing pattern during meiosis (in metaphase 1), they are classified as either homologous or non-homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes are those that form pairs, while non-homologous chromosomes do not pair up. The number of chromosomes in homologous pairs depends on the ploidy of the organism.
Comparing Homologous and Non-Homologous Chromosomes
The following table outlines the main differences between homologous and non-homologous chromosomes.
| Homologous Chromosomes | Non-Homologous Chromosomes |
| These are chromosome pairs with identical gene sequences. | These chromosomes do not form pairs. |
| The length of the arms and the position of the centromere are identical. | The length of the arms and the position of the centromere vary. |
| The alleles are identical and located in the same loci. | The alleles are different. |
| Homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis I. | Non-homologous chromosomes do not pair during meiosis I. |
| They consist of paternal and maternal chromosomes of the same pair. | They belong to different homologous pairs. |
| During recombination, parts of the chromosomes can be exchanged. | In translocation, parts of the chromosomes can be exchanged. |
| For example, in humans, the 23rd pair of chromosomes is homologous. | For instance, in males, the X and Y chromosomes are non-homologous. |
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between homomorphic and heteromorphic chromosomes?
A homologous pair of chromosomes that do not differ morphologically are referred to as homomorphic chromosomes, whereas heteromorphic chromosomes are the homologous chromosomes that differ morphologically, for example X and Y chromosomes.
What happens if non-homologous chromosomes crossover?
Non-homologous crossover is a rare event but when it happens it causes deletion or insertion of genetic material in the chromosomes.
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