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Home / IAS Preparation / Government Of India Act 1858

Government of India Act 1858: Background, Provisions & More | UPSC Notes

Last Updated on Nov 11, 2024
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The Government of India Act 1858 was the first charter act under the direct rule of the British government. After the Revolt of 1857 due to dissatisfaction of Indians, princely states and soldiers the British government decided to take over the East India company and assume sovereignty. To fulfill this purpose a bill was passed in British parliament and was called as an Act of better government of India. This bill after approval was named as Government of India Act 1858.

This topic on Government of India Act 1858 is important from the point of view of General Studies Paper 1 of the UPSC CSE Exam. In this article on the Government of India Act 1858, we will look into the provisions and limitations of the Government of India Act 1858.

GS Paper

General Studies Paper I

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Government of India Act 1858, British Crown, Secretary of State for India, Council of India, Viceroy of India

Topics for UPSC Mains

Government of India Act 1858 and its Immediate Impacts, Administrative Changes Introduced post-1857 Revolt, Establishment of Centralized British Authority, Significance in the Evolution of British Colonial Policy in India.

Government of India Act 1858

The Government of India Act 1858 was an act of the British Parliament that marked a significant turning point in the governance of India. It abolished the rule of the East India Company and transferred the administration of India to the British Crown. The act established direct rule by the British government and laid the foundation for the British Raj in India. It centralized power in the hands of the British government and introduced the position of Secretary of State for India. The act also brought reforms in the Indian Civil Services and expanded the role of the Legislative Councils.

Overview of the Government of India Act 1858

Key Highlights of the Government of India Act 1858

Aspect

Description

Background

Enacted after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence.

Abolition of East India Company's Rule

The act abolished the rule of the East India Company in India and transferred the governance to the British Crown.

Direct Rule by the British Government

The British government assumed direct control over the administration of India and established the Secretary of State for India position.

Establishment of the British Raj

The act laid the foundation for the British Raj, which lasted until India gained independence in 1947.

Centralization of Power

The act centralized power in the hands of the British government, reducing the autonomy of the Indian provinces.

Secretary of State for India

The act created the position of Secretary of State for India, who was responsible for governing and making policies for British India.

Indian Civil Services

The act introduced reforms in the Indian Civil Services, allowing Indians to participate in the administration at lower levels.

Legislative Councils

The act expanded the role of the Legislative Councils, providing limited representation and advisory functions.

Historical Background of the Government of India Act 1858

The consequences of the Revolt of 1857 led the British parliament to take over the East India company and directly control administration of India. A bill was passed in the British parliament as an Act for better Government of India. This act was passed in the parliament on August 1st 1858. In India this act was implemented on 1st November 1858 by organizing a “Darbar” in Allahabad.

Know more about the Charter Act 1813 Here!

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Major Provisions of the Government of India Act 1858

The Provisions of Government of India Act of 1858 were as follows:

  • East India Company was liquidated and its power of administration over India was terminated.
  • The dual government system established through Pitt’s India Act 1784 was ended.
  • The responsibility of complete administration of India was transferred to the Secretary of state who was a cabinet minister in the British government and resided in Britain.
  • The secretary of state was assigned a 15 member advisory body to help in administration.
  • To assist the Secretary of state, in India a new position called Viceroy was created.
  • Parliament of Britains Could could ask questions regarding Indian affairs.
  • The position of Viceroy and governor general of India was handled by a single person.
  • The British government ended the doctrine of lapse which meant that no provisions will be annexed further.
  • Indians were allowed to serve in the British Indian government on the basis of qualification.
  • The army personnel working in the East India company were appointed under the British Indian government.
  • This act made India a direct British colony.

Know more about Regulating Act 1773 Here!

Significance of the Government of India Act 1858

The Government of India Act of 1858 marked a milestone change introduced by the British Parliament for the governance of India. This came after the merciless suppression of the Indian Revolt of 1857, hence leading to the dissolution of the East India Company. Here are the key elements and their significance:

  • The fall of East India Company Rule in India had consequently abolished its ruling powers and passed all its administrative powers onto the British Crown, thereby putting an end to that century-long rule of the company.
  • It ushered in direct rule of the British Crown, whereby even the Queen of England assumed the title of Empress of India; thus, a new era of British imperial rule had started.
  • It created the position of Secretary of State for India, with the additional position of a British Cabinet Minister in charge of Indian affairs and made him directly responsible to the British Parliament.
  • Established the India Office in London to assist and support the Secretary of State and rationalized the administration and policy implementation with respect to Indian governance.
  • Abolition of the Board of Control and the Court of Directors, concentrating power in the hands of the British government and dispensing with the cumbersome hybrid system of administration that had vitiated all efforts toward efficient administration.
  • The Governor-General was re-designated as the Viceroy of India-representative of the British Crown-symbolizing imperial control and central authority in Indian administration.
  • There was a more centralized administrative apparatus, with the concentration of power in the hands of the British, for the efficient running of administration.

Read the article on the Government of India Act 1935!

Limitations of the Government of India Act of 1858

While the act marked a shift in the governance of India, it had several limitations. These include:

  • The act did not provide for adequate Indian representation in the governance of India. The Legislative Councils established under the act had limited advisory functions and lacked real decision-making power.
  • The act concentrated power in the hands of the British government. It diminished the autonomy of Indian provinces and limited their ability to govern themselves.
  • The act introduced some reforms in the Indian Civil Services. However, it fell short of providing significant opportunities for Indians to take part in higher administrative positions.
  • The act did not establish a comprehensive constitutional framework for India. This led to a lack of clear legal and administrative procedures.
  • The act maintained the colonial nature of British rule in India. It perpetuated a system of governance that was not fully accountable to the Indian people.

Read about Indian Council Act 1861 Here!

Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

  • Abolition of East India Company: It put an end to the rule of the East India Company after the revolt of 1857.
  • Authority of the British Crown: The authority was transferred to the British Crown, and from then onwards, India became a direct British colony.
  • Secretary of State for India: The post of Secretary of State for India was formed by merging the administrative powers of the Board of Control and Court of Proprietors.
  • Council of India: A 15-member advisory Council or also known as Indian Council was provided to assist the Secretary of State.
  • Viceroy: Inclusion of the title as Viceroy with full authority in India instead of the earlier designation as Governor-General.
  • Administrative Reorganization: The most important was the restructuring of the army, civil services, and judiciary.
  • Policy Shift: More policy orientation to serve British interests rather than the commercial entity only.
  • Basis of Further Reforms: Laid the foundation for further acts and reforms to follow thereafter that were going to chart the course of administration in India by the British.

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Government of India Act 1858 UPSC FAQs

The main features of the Government of India Act 1858 include the abolition of the rule of the East India Company, the transfer of governance to the British Crown, the establishment of direct rule by the British government, centralization of power, the creation of the Secretary of State for India position, and limited reforms in the Indian Civil Services.

Government of India Act 1858 notes can be downloaded from various online platforms, UPSC study material websites, or referred to in standard books on Indian history and governance.

The Government of India Act 1858 was an act passed by the British Parliament that transferred the administration of India from the East India Company to the British Crown, establishing direct rule by the British government.

The Government of India Act 1858 is often referred to as the "Magna Carta of India" because it marked a significant shift in the governance of India. It laid the foundation for the British Raj.

The Government of India Act 1800 was also known as the Pitt's India Act. It was an act of the British Parliament that introduced reforms in the administration of British India, including the establishment of the Board of Control to oversee the East India Company's affairs.
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