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International Law: A Comprehensive Analysis of Subjects, Branches, and its Scope for UPSC

Last Updated on Jun 25, 2025
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International law is the set of rules that govern the conduct of nation-states and other actors in the international arena. It is a complex and ever-evolving field. Yet, it is essential for understanding the global order. 

In this article, we will explore various aspects of international law. This comprehensive guide will provide you with valuable insights into the realm of international law.

The international law constitutes an important part of the UPSC IAS Optional Paper in the Mains Examination.

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What is International Law?

International law is a set of rules that are made by countries and other actors in the international arena. These rules are designed to regulate the conduct of countries and other actors. It promotes cooperation and order in the international system.

  • International law is not a single, unified body of law. Instead, it is a collection of different rules and principles that have evolved over time. 
  • These rules and principles can be found in a variety of sources. This includes treaties, customs, and general principles of law.

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Subjects of International Law

The subjects of international law are the entities that can be bound by and enforce its rules. The main subjects of international law are Countries, international organizations, and individuals.

Countries

Countries are the primary subjects of international law. They are sovereign entities that have the right to:

  • enter into treaties,
  • send and receive diplomats, and
  • use force in self-defense.

International Organizations

International organizations are entities that are created by countries to achieve common goals. Examples of international organizations include:

  • the United Nations,
  • the World Trade Organization, and
  • the International Monetary Fund.

Individuals

Individuals are increasingly recognized as subjects of international law. This is due in part to the development of human rights law. This grants individuals certain rights that are protected by international law.

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Branches of International Law

International law can be divided into many branches. Each of them deals with a different aspect of the law. The main branches of international law are:

Public international law

This branch of law deals with the relations between states. It includes the law on the use of force, the law of treaties, and the law of the sea.

Private international law

This branch deals with the relations between individuals and organizations from different countries. It includes law on conflict of laws, the law of nationality, and the law of extradition.

International criminal law

This branch deals with crimes that are considered to be of concern to the global community as a whole. It includes crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

Types of International Law

International law can be further categorized into specific types. Each of them addresses distinct areas of global governance. These types include:

Human Rights Law

Human rights law focuses on protecting and promoting fundamental rights of individuals. This includes the right to life, liberty, and a fair trial.

Environmental Law

International environmental law aims to address global environmental challenges. This includes pollution, conservation, and sustainable development.

International Criminal Law

This branch of law deals with the punishment of individuals for international crimes. The crimes include genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

Trade Law

International trade law regulates commercial transactions and the conduct of nations in international trade. This includes issues related to tariffs, intellectual property rights, and trade disputes.

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Private International Law

Private international law is also known as conflict of laws. It deals with legal issues that involve many jurisdictions. Private international law plays a crucial role in facilitating cross-border transactions. It resolves conflicts arising from international business activities.

Scope of International Law

The scope of International Law is extensive. It covers diverse areas that impact global affairs. Some key aspects within its scope are:

  • Diplomatic Relations: International Law establishes rules and protocols for diplomatic relations between countries. This includes:
    • the establishment of embassies,
    • the immunity of diplomats, and
    • diplomatic privileges and immunities.
  • Human Rights: International Law plays a crucial role in protecting and promoting human rights. It includes:
    • the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
    • the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and
    • the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
  • Armed Conflicts: International Humanitarian Law regulates the conduct of armed conflicts. This includes:
    • the protection of civilians, prisoners of war, and
    • the prohibition of certain weapons and tactics.
  • State Responsibility: International Law sets out rules on the responsibility of states for their actions. It encompasses the following principles:
    • sovereignty,
    • non-intervention,
    • state immunity, and
    • the prohibition of aggression.

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Sources of International Law

The sources of international law are the means by which the law is created. The main sources of international law are:

  • Treaties: Treaties are agreements between states that are legally binding.
  • Custom: Customary international law is a law that is created by the consistent practice of states over time.
  • General principles of law: These are principles that are common to most legal systems.
  • Judicial decisions: The decisions of international courts and tribunals can also be a source of international law.
  • The writings of scholars: The writings of scholars can also be a source of international law. However, they are not as authoritative as the other sources.

Conclusion

International Law serves as a fundamental framework that governs the interactions between countries. Its principles, branches, and types encompass a wide range of issues. Understanding International Law is essential for maintaining peace and resolving conflicts. It is also needed for shaping foreign policies and addressing contemporary global challenges.

We hope all your doubts regarding the topic International Law would have been addressed now. Testbook provides study material for various competitive examinations. Ace your UPSC preparation by downloading the Testbook App!

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International Law FAQs

Public International Law governs the relationships between states and international organizations. Private International Law addresses conflicts between the domestic laws of different countries.

International Law establishes legal frameworks and treaties to protect and promote human rights. This includes civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

International Humanitarian Law sets out rules to protect civilians, and prisoners of war. It also limits the use of certain weapons and tactics during armed conflicts.

International Trade Law governs economic transactions and trade relations between countries.

The primary sources of International Law include: treaties and agreements, customary international law, general principles of law, and judicial decisions.
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