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Gahadavala Dynasty: Polity, Economy, Religion, Culture And More!

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During the 11th and 12th centuries, a Rajput kingdom, the Gahadavala dynasty, rose. It controlled the portions of the modern Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It was also known as the Gahadavalas of Kannauj.

The Gahadavala kingdom grew until Delhi. It extended to Patna and the Munjar regions of Bihar in the east. The dynasty's dominance reached its apex during Govinchandra's reign. The invasions of Muhammad of Ghur led to their overthrow in the latter half of the 12th century A.D.

In this article, we will explore the history of the Gahadavala dynasty. This forms a significant part of the UPSC IAS exam. Prelims and UPSC Mains Paper I ask many questions related to this topic. It is an important topic for UPSC History Optional as well. This topic is essential for the UGC NET History exam. Every year NTA asks over 5-6 questions about the political history of India.

Before starting, let us have a look at the map of Gahadavala kingdom.

Fig: Gahadavala Kingdom Map

Polity

The last quarter of the 11th century was not good. Due to the Ghaznavid attacks, north India was a problematic region. Another major problem was the absence of a strong imperial force. This led to the vanishing of the empire of the Gurjara-Pratihara. Their successors had lost power, including the Paramaras and the Kalachuris. 

  • Chandradeva, the first Gahadavala king, established a powerful government during these chaotic times. He provided stability to the area and established a centralised empire. An important source of the dynasty is Bashai (or Basahi) inscription from 1104 CE. It mentions the glory of Chandradeva's son, Madanpala. The inscription claims that after the deaths of the Bhoja and Karna, the Earth fell into disgrace. Madanapala saved the troubled Earth.
  • Kalachuris had control over the region around Varanasi before the Gahadavalas. It appears that Chandradeva conquered this region from the Kalachuris. He most likely vanquished Yashah-Karna, the Kalachuri king who succeeded Karna. The Pala chronicle Ramacharitam claims that Bhimayashas, a feudatory, opposed Chandradeva's intention. Chandradeva's inscriptions state that he also attempted to expand his dominion. He tried moving his frontiers towards the east.
  • Madanapala, an able ruler, succeeded Chandradeva. He faced problems since the very beginning of his reign. He had to contend with attacks by the Muslim Ghaznavid dynasty. He is also known as "Malhi." In the historical Muslim accounts, Malhi ruled Kannauj.
  • According to the Gahadavala inscriptions, Govindachandra oversaw the military missions during his rule. The Gahadavala compelled Ghaznavids to sign a peace treaty as a result of incursions.
  • His courtier Lakashidhara wrote a masterpiece, the Ktya-Kalpataru. It speculates that he also murdered a Ghaznavid general.
  • Between 1109 and 1114 CE, Govindachandra succeeded his father. He took over as the ruler of Gahadavala. Govindachandra had many military victories and diplomatic contacts. Thus, under Govindachandra, the Gahadavalas became the dominant force in northern India. He defeated Yashah-Karna or Gaya-Karna. This is evident by his acceptance of Kalachuri's titles and coinage.
  • Govindachandra's final known inscription dates from 1154 CE. Vijayachandra's earliest known inscription is from 1168 CE. This long vacuum could be a sign of hard times. This might be due to an outside invasion. 
  • Another reason could have been a fight over succession following Govindachandra's passing. Vijayachandra faced another Ghaznavid invasion. He appears to have repelled another before 1164 CE. He neglected the kingdom's eastern boundary. Their entire concentration was on protecting the western borders against the Ghaznavids. This ended up in a Sena attack.
  • Jayachandra confronted the Ghurid invasion under the command of Qutb al-Din Aibak. In 1194 CE, he lost and died in the Battle of Chandawar. The Ghurids then sacked Varanasi. Here, they demolished many temples, according to modern Muslim historian Hasan Nizami. 
  • Some local feudatory chiefs pledged their allegiance to the Ghurids after Jayachandra's passing. Prithviraj Raso presents an interesting fable. According to the legend, Jayachandra sided with the Ghurids to overthrow Prithviraj Chauhan. This was because Prithviraj had fled with his daughter Samyukta. These stories, yet, are not backed up by historical data.
  • Harishchandra, Jayachandra's son, ascended to the Gahadavala dynasty in his place. There was a suggestion that he was a vassal of the Ghurids. Nonetheless, he adopts the title of a king in a Kotwa inscription from 1197 CE. Harishchandra's ultimate fate is unknown. It is likely that the Delhi Sultanate, led by Iltutmish, vanquished him.

Fig: Gahadavala Dynasty Coin

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Administration

The Gahadavala dynasty had a huge area under their control. They ruled over their realm with the help of semi-independent feudatory chiefs. These chiefs had titles like Raaka, Maharaja, and Raja. Amatyas were the title for the king's servants. The Ktya-Kalpataru by Lakshmidhara outlines their responsibilities.

The Monarch announced the grants made by the queens. This shows that women had less autonomy. The grants were also made by the yuvaraja (heir) and other princes. Princes announced these in their own names. There were many administrative subdivisions of the Gahadavala monarch's direct domain. For instance, visaya and pathaka.

Culture

The Gahadavala dynasty inscriptions state that Govindachandra valued and supported various academic disciplines. The king asked his courtier Lakshmidhara to write Ktya-Kalpataru.

Shriharsha was one of the intellectuals and poets who received support from Vijayachandra. His important works include Naishadha Charita and the now-lost Shri-Vijaya-Prashasti. The court poet Bhatta Kedar wrote a eulogy on Jayachandra's life. The title of the eulogy was Jaichand Prakash. In 1168 the text was first written. The original text is not available now. The poet, Madhukar's Jaya-Mayank-Jasha-Chandrika, is another misplaced tribute to his life (c. 1183).

Religion

The kings of the Gahadavala dynasty revered Vishnu and believed in Hinduism. There are many sources about the religious beliefs of the Gahadavala dynasty. One such source is the Kamauli inscription. For instance, Jayachandra was a devotee of Krishna. as a royal, according to the Kamauli inscription from 1167 CE. The rulers also paid respects to Surya and Shiva, two other Hindu deities. The inscriptions from Gahadvala refer to the monarchs as Parama-Maheshvara.

Also, the Gahadavalas of Kannauj tolerated Buddhism. Vasantadevi and Kumaradevi, two of Govindachandra's queens, were Buddhists. An inscription found at Bodh Gaya gives important information. It shows that Jayachandra was also interested in Buddhism. The inscription makes an invocation to Gautam Buddha and one Shrimitra at the outset. Shrimitra was Kashisha Jayachchandra's preceptor (diksha-guru). Kashisha Jayachchandra was also known as King Jayachandra. The inscription documents Jayapura's Guha (cave monastery) construction.

Battle Of Chandawar

In the Battle of Chandawar in 1194, Muhammad Ghori engaged in combat with Jaichand. In Chandawar, it took place. After winning this conflict, Muhammad came to rule most of northern India. He routed the army of Jaichand. The battle continued till he died on the Warfield.

Contemporary literary works depict Jai Chand's army in exaggerated numbers. The army has 80,000 armourers, 30,000 cavalry, 300,000 infantry, 200,000 archers, etc. 

The Gahadvalas were still defeated. In 1198 CE, Kannauj was also under siege. Following the defeat, there was looting. Ghori took over the treasure of the Gahadvalas. The Asni Fort in the Fatehpur district was home to treasure. The destruction and plundering of temples at Benaras also took place.

The Chauhans and Gahadvalas were the Turks' biggest enemies. With victory in the Second Battle of Tarain and the Battle of Chandawar, the Turks gained power. The Turks built the groundwork for their authority in the Ganges Valley.

In the Ganga Valley, there was opposition to Turkish incursions even after the two wars. 

Conclusion

After the decline of the Kalachuri power, many powers grew independent. One such power was Gahadavalas. Chandradeva, the dynasty's first ruler, founded a sovereign state before 1090 CE. Under the leadership of his grandson Govindachandra, the kingdom attained its pinnacle. He conquered the Palas and repelled Ghaznavid's assaults. He also gained certain Kalachuri regions. The Ghurids' victory over Jayachandra in 1194 CE ended the dynasty's imperial rule.

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Gahadavala Dynasty FAQs

Their capital city was Varanasi, but they also had Kannauj as their capital.

The Gahadavala dynasty's most well-known ruler was Govindachandra. He was in charge of the Antarvedi nation in modern-day Uttar Pradesh. It included the important towns of Kanyakubja and Varanasi.

The first Monarch of Delhi, Anangapala of the Tomara Dynasty, built the city as its capital. One of the early medieval empires in northern India was the Tomara Dynasty.

From the 11th century to the 13th century A.D., the Gahadavals of Kannauj governed North India. This family has roots in Uttar Pradesh's Oudh (Ayodhya) and Banaras (Varanasi). The Gahadaval kingdom grew until Delhi. It extended from Patna to the Munjar regions of Bihar in the east.

The first ruler of the Gahadavala dynasty was Chandradeva. He was Yashovigraha's grandson and the son of Mahichandra.

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